Short Story Al Q Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short Story Al Q - Essay Example More so, there is very little or no evidence that occurrence of terror activities that relate to publication. The 9/11 Museum for instance refused to censor an Al-Qaeda film even amidst criticism (Weiss, 2014). This is because, according to Akbar Ahmed, Chair of Islamic Studies at American University argued that censoring such publications was an offense to the Islamic religion because it would stigmatize the whole world into thinking that terror activities are done by Muslims. To make it clear, John Esposito, an apologist for Islam at the Saudi-funded Prince Talal Center at the Georgetown University insisted that if censorship was to be used, it was then important make sure that â€Å"Muslim terrorism† and â€Å"Islamic terrorism† are two independent terms that needed to be defined separately. Through such explanation, negative ideologies embedded in peoples’ minds that terror activities are purely carried out by Muslims could be dropped. According to reports dating 13th Jan, 2015 on CNN (Wimple, 2005), censoring Al-Qaeda information would only generate news and in return most people would end up reading all contents revolving around the Militia group. Therefore, disassociating from such propagandas, according to the CNN spokesman would be an intelligent way of protecting news reporters from being targeted especially in situations where there is very little evidence to support the claims. CNN host Carol Costello r said, â€Å"CNN will not show you the new cover, which depicts the prophet Muhammad, because it is our policy not to show potentially offensive images of the prophet.† (Wimple, 2005). The statement was made after people claimed that the media was censoring Charlie Hebdo out of fear of Islam (Hemingway, 2015). A critical analysis into the claim indicates that censoring Al-Qaeda publications, especially the Inspire Magazine could be a

Equality, Diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. Essay Example for Free

Equality, Diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. Essay 1.1 How does the equality Act 2010 promote equality and diversity? Obtain your schools Equality of opportunity policy. What is its aim? Identify references to action. The Equality Act protects individuals from unfair treatment and promotes a fair more equal society. Equality and diversity is now a ‘limiting judgement’ in Ofsted inspections. This means that if equality measures are not being implemented efficiently, this will restrict the overall inspection grade. As a school, you must not discriminate against a pupil or prospective pupil because of their disability, race, sex, gender reassignment, religion or belief, or sexual orientation. The objectives at Tutshill School are that all children in our school will learn in an environment free from the effects of and without discrimination, and that the working conditions and environment of our staff and volunteers will also be free from discrimination. Tutshill C of E Primary School strives to ensure that the culture and ethos of the school are such that, whatever the heritage and origins of members of the school community, everyone is equally valued and treats one another with respect. Pupils should be provided with the opportunity to experience, understand and celebrate diversity. Tutshill School will adhere to Gloucestershire LEA’s Racial Harassment in Schools – Guidelines and make all new teachers, student teachers and ancillary staff aware of the policy. 1.2 Why is it important to support the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access? All children have the right to access all the opportunities which are on offer in the school provision. Each and every pupil has the right to learn and should not be discriminated against for any reason. In order for us to  achieve this we must involve the children and parents in finding out what works well in school and what doesn’t. This should be supported by high quality teaching and learning experience. I believe that involving the children in this process would make the children more confident and feel more valued within school. 1.3 How is cultural diversity valued and promoted in your school? Discuss its importance. Within Tutshill School opportunities are provided for all children to experience others cultures and ethnic backgrounds. This is promoted through literacy lessons. Every term the children I work with have a new topic for example, Greece and The Romans. With each topic they learn about their cultures such as their religion, language and the different foods they eat. The children in year four studied the Romans and did a play for the other children in assembly and also designed a menu for the whole school to try. The Year five class studied Greece and designed and made holiday brochure for display in their class room and also designed a Greek menu for the school to try. This is to ensure that the children understand and value the social and cultural diversity that could be in their own community as well as around the world. Culture can cut across nationalities and faiths and by promoting cultural diversity and the differences of individuals and groups within school will enhance a child ’s learning and promote knowledge and understanding of all pupils. Diverse cultures in schools should be acknowledged and reflected throughout the curriculum. By supporting and encouraging children to understand and accept cultural diversity will also prevent stereotyping and reduce prejudice and discrimination within schools. Most importantly, it will prepare children and young people for numerous changes that will happen in their lives as adults where they will inevitably be involved in mixing with adults of different cultures and backgrounds. Having watched the Teachers’ TV programme ‘Pride and Prejudice’, about Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children, comment on the following. 2.1 What prejudices do these groups face? Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children face many prejudices throughout their lives. They are not considered part of the community that they live in and often come up against racism, stereotyping, discrimination and abuse not only from other children but adults as well. 2.2 What impact does this have on traveller C/YP? The impact that racism, stereotyping and discrimination have on the children is that they fall out of school or are taken out of school at an early age. Majority of traveller children tend to leave school or are taken out of school at the end of primary level as they find the transition into secondary school a difficult one due to other children and teachers bulling them and having little knowledge or understanding of their culture. The remainder of the children do not often make it past year 9. 2.3/2.4 How have schools tackled prejudice to raise attendance and attainment? Schools have tackled these prejudices by increasing other people’s knowledge about these minority groups. For Example: †¢Celebrate their culture. †¢Looking at the history of the travellers. †¢Increasing awareness of their heritage by having day trips to the Romany life centre. †¢Traveller children making a booklet to educate teachers and pupils, about their religion and how and where they live. †¢Showing the pupils a film about travellers about their skills and how they made a living. To raise attendance and attainment schools have been flexible with rules regarding attendance rates and given extra support especially just before SAT’s. The most important thing I feel is that they treated each and every child the same. 3.1 Explain what is meant by ‘inclusion’? Inclusion means to be fully included, to make people feel valued and respected irrespective of ethnicity, gender, disability, culture, age, religion and sexual orientation. It is about giving equal access and opportunities to everyone. 3.2/3.3 Provide 3 or 4 examples of inclusive practices in your classroom/school. During my time at Tutshill School I have witnessed and been part of several inclusive practices. Example 1. Within year 4 we have a student who is Chinese. During the Chinese New-year SL brought in sweets for everyone so we could celebrate the Chinese new-year with her. She then had time to talk to the class about what she did during their celebrations. Example 2. Throughout each classroom and the school there are displays of children’s work. All abilities are displayed, so the children can see and understand that just because their work may not be the neatest or always correct it will still get to be displayed. Example 3. During P.E all children will be included, whether they have a lower ability or any medical issues. The games that they are playing will be adapted if needed to so that every child has the opportunity to participate.

The Panama Canal :: essays research papers

The Panama Canal was one of the greatest triumphs and tragedies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The tragedy was that the French were just simply too far ahead of technology, at that time, to complete or even get farther than the very beginning of the Panama Canal. The Americans took over the project after President Theodore Roosevelt's pushing of the Panamanian Revolution. After the Revolution the Americans took control of the canal and continued to build the canal to what it is today. The Panama Canal is one of the largest canals in the world. It consists of three dams, the Gatun, Pedro Miguel, and Mira Flores. Despite the limit in ship size the canal is still one of the highest traveled waterways in the world. The Panama Canal was constructed in two stages. The first between 1881 and 1888, was carried out by the French company headed by De Lessop. Second, was the work by the Americans who eventually completed the canals construction between 1904 and 1914. (Cameron 79)The contract for the canals construction was signed on March 12, 1881, and it was agreed the work would be carried out for 512 million French francs. Midway through the building of the canal, in 1885, the French company started to run into financial difficulties and even applied to the French government to issue lottery bonds. Rumors of these difficulties caused increased interest within the American government. The abandonment of the scheme at this stage would cause financial ruin for all the investors and a severe blow to the French. It was suggested that the original plan be modified and the lock system should be employed. Eventually, in 1899, France’s attempt at constructing the Panama Canal was seen to be a failure . However, they had excavated a total of 59.75 million cubic meters, which included 14.255 million cubic meters from the Culebra Cut. (Barret 63) This lowered the peak by 102 meters. The value of work completed by the French was about $25 million. When the French departed, they left behind a considerable amount of machinery, housing and a hospital. The reasons behind the French failing to complete the project were due to disease carrying mosquitoes and the inadequacy of their machinery. The construction of the canal was recommenced by the Americans in 1904. The first step on the agenda was to improve the standard of living and ensure ill health would be a thing of the past.

Cat In The Rain Essays -- essays research papers

Cat in the Rain   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The short story, “Cat in the Rain';, by Ernest Hemingway describes the stereotypical relationship between two married American tourists, one of whom is striving to recover a “poor kitty';. This seemingly mundane plot becomes symbolic and purposeful as the reader gazes beneath the surface to find the true intent of the short story. There are three characters in Hemingway’s story which help convey these meaningful analogies; in addition, the cat, the American woman, and the American man all represent something different in our present American society. The story is set in Europe and involves two foreigners for a special reason. They are isolated in a sense, forcing their true emotions and characteristics to shine ...

Current Trends in Tourism

Tourism industry is one of the most dynamic and fast developing sector which has a huge impact on economy. This sector is significantly effected by global economy therefore tourism and travelling also move downward in case of crisis in the financial circumstances. In this essay I would like to present some examples, how tourism has been effected by crisis in the main Arabic countries and Greece. Besides, it will be outined how airlines sector has been changed in the last five years.In 2010, there was some critical point as disturbances and civil war in significant tourism destination such Egypt or Tunisia. These countries most considerable income comes from tourism but obviously lack of tourists can cause an economy crisis. Although these countries lost their visitors but other Eurasian countries (for instance Turkey) made profit because those tourist who prefer to visit that region choosen Turkish-Riviera which is safer than Arabic languague areas with similar conditions. However, T urkey made a profit by the the political crisis in Egypt.Egypt's neighbours – for example Libya and Israel – had loss too,since many tour operators had organised combined tours to these countries and that tours were cancelled, consequently the loss increased. By summer of 2012, the politics situation became stabled and some part of these regions got back their popularity especially the Red-sea coast and Sinai. Also, there are some difficulties in the Europien market. Between 2009-2012 Europe continued its struggle for surviving, mostly one of the main mediterranean destination, Greece.The crisis has become deeper and painful. Tourism is incredibly important for Greece, for the main profit comes from tourism and catering consequently they can not loose this significant income. Due to crisis some advantages came up for the visitors. The economy situation has helped push down the value of the Euro, making to Greece relatively cheaper for Americans or other foreign visitor s. In fact, some prices has been fallen such as hotel rooms and food due to crisis. As a result, number of the tourists is roughly the same.According to Giorgos Mamalos press advisor of the Greek embassy said:† Greece is certainly going through a crisis, but this has no significant impact on security and tourism. † Let us have a look on airlines. Airlines have an important impact on tourism and they have affect on each other. In the past few years some airlines have no choice to avoid to break down. Hungarian airlines (MALEV) was shuted down in this year after 60 years service. It was not a huge global airline but it kept a connection between Balkan and West-Europe and had flown over 33 countries.Following their bankrupcy there is no more flight between these two region therefore tourism has strongly decreased. Also, many airline such as Kingfisher Airline, Delta Airline etc. exist, although they are suffering by financial problems, which has an effection for tourism ind ustry. On the other hand, low-cost airlines such as Ryanair, take advantage on their competitors crisis and found new opportunities that generate strong competition on the aviation market. Notwithstanding, according to Bernd Hahn's â€Å"A study on low cost carriers in Europe† essay the full-cost carriers do not loose to many clients because of low-cost airlines.What is the reason why the low cost and high price airlines and travel agencies are not virtual competitors? I reckon, question is simple. Every customer has different needs. Those passangers that had previously travelled with traditional airlines and agencies and they had been satisfied with service, well, they will not change their habits – independently on prices. Those who can afford only lower budget but would like travelling and visiting other countries – these passengers will use low-cost airlines and cheap services.It is not a simple „fare-competition† because both of them have a diff erent level of service. Consequently these companies are not real rival. Yet, they have to keep an eye on each other because tourists financial circumstances, tourism and aviation market can change very quickly and they can win or lost customers. To sum up, in the past few years has been a global economy and political crisis which has affected on the tourism and airline industry. Importancy of low-cost airlines have been growing continuosly, which is an important trend.It seems these industries have survived the crisises and some forecast shows that positive trend will be continuing in 2013, although the unstable economy situation always have a negative impact on the industry . Sources: What does the Greek economics mean for a visitor to Greece? (www. eturbonews. com )(David S. White) 2010 Restoring Egyptian Tourism from crisis to recovery (www. eturbonews. com) David Beirman 2011 Greece crisis has no impact on tourism, embassy in Rome, Giorgos Mamalos (www. ansamed. info) 2012 A st udy on low cost carriers in Europe, Bernd Hahn, Wuppertal Papers, No, 159, 2006

Death penalty misc17 essays

Death penalty misc17 essays Thousands will die. They are victims of senseless murder, but should the murderous felons die as well? Capital Punishment is a major controversy. Debating whether they receive execution or spend the rest of their ruined lives rotting in a jail cell seems pointless. The government throws away these humans lives. We control the lives of these criminals and we should not waste them. We should use the thousands of them to better our society. Rather than capital punishment, the government should create work teams using death row criminals to better our communities. The death penalty has been debated since the beginning of humankind. Today a total of 94 countries and territories use the death penalty for ordinary crime, including the United States. In the other 57 countries in the world, the death penalty no longer exists. In some of the 57 countries, capital punishment is only banned for ordinary crimes and still effective for military crimes or crimes committed in exceptional circumstances such as Currently 34 of the states in the U.S. exercise capital punishment. The most recent to abolish capital punishment was Massachusetts, in 1984, and New York, in 1995, was the most recent to reinstate it, according to the NAACP. During 1977 and 1994, Texas executed the highest number of prisoners, a total of 85. As of 1996 there were 3,122 inmates on death row. These convicts could help with government labor with a hope that they might be free someday. Figures show that, with men, 80% decide in favor of the death penalty, and women the vote was 74%.. White populations vote 81% for capital punishment and blacks only 53% (Doan, 2). This information means that the general public will resolve to end the lives of these killers. By offering an alternative, these figures may alter themselves significantly. Those opposing the death penalty would obtain some level of...

Free Essays on Shaw Versus Murphy

Robert Shaw, et al., Petitioners v. Kevin Murphy, Respondent 532U.S.C. 223 (2001). Kevin Murphy (Montana State Prisoner) appeals, United States Supreme Court. While incarcerated at a Montana State Prison, Kevin Murphy learned of a fellow inmate (Pat Tracy) that was being charged with assaulting a Correctional Officer. Tracy had requested that Murphy be assigned to his case. Murphy sent a letter to Tracy. Upon receiving the letter, Robert Shaw, a guard at the Maximum Security prison intercepted the letter. Upon reviewing the letter prison officials sanctioned Murphy for violating prison rules, prohibiting insolence, and interfering with due process hearings. Murphy sought declaratory and injunction relief alleging that the disciplinary action violated his First Amendment rights including the right to provide legal assistance to other inmates. The Supreme Court had to decide on weighing between the First Amendment Constitutional Rights of Inmates, including the right to provide legal assistance to other inmates, 42U.S.C.1983 or the precedent for the case Turnerv, Safle, 482U.S.C.78, which ruled that prison regulation that impinged if inmates constitutional rights is valid â€Å"if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interest.† The court found a â€Å"valid, reasonable connection the prison inmate correspondence policy and the objectives of the prison order, security, and inmate rehabilitation.† The court found that inmates† constitutional rights are more limited to the scope than the rights of individuals held in society at large. Moreover it stated that prison officials are to remain the primary arbiters of the problems that arise in prison management.... Free Essays on Shaw Versus Murphy Free Essays on Shaw Versus Murphy Robert Shaw, et al., Petitioners v. Kevin Murphy, Respondent 532U.S.C. 223 (2001). Kevin Murphy (Montana State Prisoner) appeals, United States Supreme Court. While incarcerated at a Montana State Prison, Kevin Murphy learned of a fellow inmate (Pat Tracy) that was being charged with assaulting a Correctional Officer. Tracy had requested that Murphy be assigned to his case. Murphy sent a letter to Tracy. Upon receiving the letter, Robert Shaw, a guard at the Maximum Security prison intercepted the letter. Upon reviewing the letter prison officials sanctioned Murphy for violating prison rules, prohibiting insolence, and interfering with due process hearings. Murphy sought declaratory and injunction relief alleging that the disciplinary action violated his First Amendment rights including the right to provide legal assistance to other inmates. The Supreme Court had to decide on weighing between the First Amendment Constitutional Rights of Inmates, including the right to provide legal assistance to other inmates, 42U.S.C.1983 or the precedent for the case Turnerv, Safle, 482U.S.C.78, which ruled that prison regulation that impinged if inmates constitutional rights is valid â€Å"if it is reasonably related to legitimate penological interest.† The court found a â€Å"valid, reasonable connection the prison inmate correspondence policy and the objectives of the prison order, security, and inmate rehabilitation.† The court found that inmates† constitutional rights are more limited to the scope than the rights of individuals held in society at large. Moreover it stated that prison officials are to remain the primary arbiters of the problems that arise in prison management....

Biography of Greek Philosopher Anaximander

Biography of Greek Philosopher Anaximander Anaximander was a Greek philosopher who had a deep interest in cosmology as well as a systematic view of the world (Encyclopedia Britannica). Although little about his life and world is known today he was one of the first philosophers to write down his studies and he was an advocate of science and trying to understand the structure and organization of the world. As such he made many significant contributions to early geography and cartography and he is believed to have created the first published world map. Anaximander’s Life Anaximander was born in 610 B.C.E. in Miletus (present-day Turkey). Little is known about his early life but it is believed that he was a student of the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus (Encyclopedia Britannica). During his studies, Anaximander wrote about astronomy, geography and the nature and organization of the world around him. Today only a small portion of Anaximander’s work survives and much of what is known about his work and life is based on reconstructions and summaries by later Greek writers and philosophers. For example in the 1st or 2nd century C.E. Aetius became compiling the work of early philosophers. His work was later followed by that of Hippolytus in the 3rd century and Simplicius in the 6th century (Encyclopedia Britannica). Despite the work of these philosophers, however, many scholars believe that Aristotle and his student Theophrastus are most responsible for what is known about Anaximander and his work today (The European Graduate School). Their summaries and reconstructions show that Anaximander and Thales formed the Milesian School of Pre-Socratic philosophy. Anaximander is also credited with inventing the gnomon on the sundial and he believed in a single principle that was the basis for the universe (Gill). Anaximander is known for writing a philosophical prose poem called On Nature and today only a fragment still exists (The European Graduate School). It is believed that many of the summaries and reconstructions of his work were based on this poem. In the poem, Anaximander describes a regulating system that governs the world and the cosmos. He also explains that there is an indefinite principle and element that form the basis for the Earth’s organization (The European Graduate School). In addition to these theories Anaximander also early new theories in astronomy, biology, geography, and geometry. Contributions to Geography and Cartography Because of his focus on the organization of the world much of Anaximander’s work contributed significantly to the development of early geography and cartography. He is credited with designing the first published map (which was later revised by Hecataeus) and he may have also built one of the first celestial globe (Encyclopedia Britannica). Anaximander’s map, although not detailed, was significant because it was the first attempt to show the entire world or at least the portion that was known to the ancient Greeks at the time. It is believed that Anaximander created this map for a number of reasons. One of which was to improve navigation between the colonies of Miletus and other colonies around the Mediterranean and Black seas (Wikipedia.org). Another reason for creating the map was to show the known world to other colonies in an attempt to make them want to join the Ionian city-states (Wikipedia.org). The final stated for creating the map was that Anaximander wanted to show a global representation of the known world to increase knowledge for himself and his peers.   Anaximander believed that the inhabited portion of the Earth was flat and it was made up of the top face of a cylinder (Encyclopedia Britannica). He also stated that the Earth’s position was not supported by anything and it simply remained in place because it was equidistant from all other things (Encyclopedia Britannica).   Other Theories and Accomplishments In addition to the structure of the Earth itself, Anaximander was also interested in the structure of the cosmos, the origin of the world and evolution. He believed that the sun and moon were hollow rings filled with fire. The rings themselves according to Anaximander had vents or holes so that the fire could shine through. The different phases of the moon and eclipses were a result of the vents closing. In trying to explain the origin of the world Anaximander developed a theory that everything originated from the apeiron (the indefinite or infinite) instead of from a specific element (Encyclopedia Britannica). He believed that motion and the ape iron were the origin of the world and motion caused opposite thing such as hot and cold or wet and dry land for instance to be separated (Encyclopedia Britannica). He also believed that the world was not eternal and would eventually be destroyed so a new world could begin. In addition to his belief in apeiron, Anaximander also believed in evolution for the development of the Earth’s living things. The world’s first creatures were said to have come from evaporation and humans came from another type of animal (Encyclopedia Britannica). Although his work was later revised by other philosophers and scientists to be more accurate, Anaximander’s writings were significant to the development of early geography, cartography, astronomy and other fields because they represented one of the first attempts to explain the world and its structure/organization. Anaximander died in 546 B.C.E. in Miletus. To learn more about Anaximander visit the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

The Individualized Education Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Individualized Education Program - Essay Example When a student undergoes assessment on whether they need special education, they undergo a series of assessment tests. The first of these is visual and hearing tests. The screening for this test is necessary to examine bad performance, which may have resulted from difficulties in hearing or clear eyesight. Once this is completed, a test of intellectual ability follows. An intelligence quotient (IQ) test or simply a regular test for students of similar age and class is administered to check the intellectual level and ability. Achievement on schoolwork and even extracurricular activities is carried out to find the areas of strength and weaknesses. Parents provide the developmental history of the student, which is compared against the formal stages of development of other students. Lastly, the social and behavioral functioning is tested, where closer patterns of socialization such as more engagement in extracurricular activities are examined and recommended. The teacher's evaluation is the first step to assess the student's performance. According to Friend, teachers have experiences and knowledge of a student’s behavior and weaknesses/strengths in comparison to classmates. The teacher has to collaborate with the Intervention Assistance Team, which includes the general teacher, special education teacher, speech language pathologist, and school nurse. Parents, with guidance and supervision from the special education teacher, are the right party to handle the decision on the setting of the boy’s special education.

Within the Context of the Boundaryless Career Critically Analyse the Coursework

Within the Context of the Boundaryless Career Critically Analyse the Challenges Faced by Graduates in a Volatile Global Economy - Coursework Example 1 1 Table of Contents 2 Introduction 3 Boundary less Careers 3 Challenges Faced by Graduates 4 Conclusions 6 References 7 Introduction The recent economic downturn had a deep impact on the job market as companies went overdrive to cut jobs in the backdrop of a severe financial crisis. The period of economic recession saw many individuals being handed pink slips (Tuppen, 1988, p.54). It also meant that fresh graduates even from reputed institutions could not find a job of their choice. This has led to emergence of certain very critical aspects with regards to career growth and development of individuals (Roberts, 2009). The present study would analyze the career aspects of a graduate in the recessionary environment in the backdrop of a boundary less career for an individual. Boundary less Careers The definition of boundary less career itself is a matter of research with varied version of the definition of the term across academic circles. Among the most accepted of the definition is t he one given by Arthur and Rousseau (1996) that defines boundary less careers as the complete opposite of organizational career that span across various organizations against traditional assumptions of employment. The definition given above was challenged by Eby (2001) who defined boundary less careers as a connecting sequence of expertise across jobs and companies (Barling & Cooper, 2008, p.279). Greenhaus, Callanan & Godshalk (2009) Conducted a research into the aspect of boundary less careers and concluded that the aspect was majorly due to the inter organizational mobility and a change in attitude among the employees to look for greener pastures in their careers. This trend is particularly been observed in the capitalist economies of USA, UK and other developed nations as there are large number of business organizations that are ever in need of good professionals for their company. There are many perspectives on this approach firstly, certain researchers propose that boundary fe wer careers involve increased mobility towards better opportunities and rewards. Another contradictory school of thought states that aspects like mentality, identity and psychological aspects that defines the aspect of boundary less careers. Networking and connections also play a major role in the mobility of individuals across organizations (Greenhaus, Callanan & Godshalk, 2009, p.23-24). The aspect of boundary less careers has also been debated with regards to the aspect of commitment and loyalty. On one hand some individuals feel that the aspect of boundary less careers has reduced the loyalty and commitment aspects. The protagonists of this theory feel that boundary less carers have increased and improved individual performance in the quest for greater improvements in the careers due to which individuals resort to job hopping across organizations and business verticals in an attempt to better influence the careers (Purcell & Wright, 2007, p.133-134). Guest & Conway (2004) stated that there was a contrasting view in boundary fewer careers as it led to development of loyalty towards an individual’s own career and personal interests. Academic and research professionals have often critiqued this aspect and stated that this was detrimental to the organizational interests as individuals in boundary less careers often put themselves and their personal ambitions before the organizational interests (Guest & Conway, 2004, p.51). Challenges Faced by Graduates The recent market recession has led to a serious job cuts within economies. According to the data released by OECD USA alone reported a major job cut that is evident from the fact that there were 145362000 employed civilians in 2008 as compared to 139877000 individuals in the following year. The statistics reveal a clear

Enron Corporation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Enron Corporation - Essay Example Apparently, companies in the present day scenario emphasise more on developing themselves as an improved unit both in an ethical and legal manner. Observably, business focuses more on confirming that their operational activities cause minimal negative impact on people of the external business environment (Jennings, 2010; Blythe & Zimmerman, 2005). However, with the emergence of high profile corporate breakdowns in the recent years, questions have been raised on the present rules and frameworks along with the effectiveness of the corporate governance practices amid the companies. In this regard, the corporate collapse of Enron is one of the prime example where the ineffectiveness of corporate governance practices is largely visible (KPMG, 2010; Baijal, n.d.). In order to acquire a comprehensive understanding with regard to the failure of the company i.e. Enron, this essay will highlight the corporate issues and gaps of the company prior to its downfall which ultimately resulted in its total collapse. The essay will also ensure a thorough discussion about how the laws of corporate governance have strengthened aftermath of the Enron downfall. As depicted above corporate governance is one of the most vital aspects that are associated with the operations of the business units in the modem day business context. In today’s scenario the reputation of any business is largely determined by its ability to assure appreciative performance in the domain of corporate governance. However, with the increasing number of accounting fraud and failures of companies to adhere to particular legal and ethical standards in conducting business, the aspect of corporate governance has emerged as one of the major issue in the business sector today. The issue of corporate governance has mostly gathered strength especially after the collapse of Enron owing to accounting frauds in the year 2001. However, in order to depict the actual reason

SEE WROD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SEE WROD - Assignment Example irst was conducted by a company introducing an online television service through the payment of per hour basis, where it sampled 218 undergraduates (Bagchi and Davis 65). The second research involved the use of 216 online personnel where they were required to choose the lowest set of per unit price from a variety of price presentations (Bagchi and Davis 67). The third research used 167 participants where they were to select a movie package price in relation to happiness and importance variables. In the first research, customers’ value-perceptions and trial like-hood are based on difficult calculations of the first item in the larger package. The second hypothesis was customers’ perceptions are influenced by certain conditions when evaluating complex calculations and large packages. The third hypothesis was customers perceive trial likelihoods based on dependent variables (Bagchi and Davis 70). In the first study, consumers purchase a product based on the first information of the large package and later adjust inadequately based on time constraint. The second study confirms that customers’ trial like-hoods are based on the unit price. The study indicates customers achieve trial like-hood in large packages during complex calculations, when the unit price appears before the item in presentation order (Bagchi and Davis

Collaboration in social work practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Collaboration in social work practice - Essay Example As a reciprocal process it involves collaboration and trusting attitudes. A recent scandal at National Kidney Foundation (NKF) one of the biggest NPO in Singapore is shed light on the need for building trust and IOC. NKF is experiencing Public distrust and a low confidence rating in the Singapore Public. This has also adversely caused loss of public/donor trust in NPOs. Solutions to regaining trust lie in establishing interorganisational collaborations among partners. The public perceive IOC as less likely to misappropriate funds since management in joint programmes is more rigid than in programmes run by individual NPOs. It is also widely believed that IOC promotes openness. This research aims to establish the role of trust and interorganisational collaboration in regaining public trust. It utilises a qualitative case study methodology whereby two cases are analysed, NKF and Morning Star Community Services. IOCs play a big role in trust building in collaboration activities especially when partners have to rely on one anther to execute certain activities therefore resulting into synergy.

SEE WROD Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SEE WROD - Assignment Example irst was conducted by a company introducing an online television service through the payment of per hour basis, where it sampled 218 undergraduates (Bagchi and Davis 65). The second research involved the use of 216 online personnel where they were required to choose the lowest set of per unit price from a variety of price presentations (Bagchi and Davis 67). The third research used 167 participants where they were to select a movie package price in relation to happiness and importance variables. In the first research, customers’ value-perceptions and trial like-hood are based on difficult calculations of the first item in the larger package. The second hypothesis was customers’ perceptions are influenced by certain conditions when evaluating complex calculations and large packages. The third hypothesis was customers perceive trial likelihoods based on dependent variables (Bagchi and Davis 70). In the first study, consumers purchase a product based on the first information of the large package and later adjust inadequately based on time constraint. The second study confirms that customers’ trial like-hoods are based on the unit price. The study indicates customers achieve trial like-hood in large packages during complex calculations, when the unit price appears before the item in presentation order (Bagchi and Davis

STATISTICS QUIZ ASSESSMENT Speech or Presentation

STATISTICS QUIZ ASSESSMENT - Speech or Presentation Example mcgraw-hill.com:80/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K) remain the same, a 90% confidence interval for a population proportion p will be ______ the 99% confidence interval for p. When the level of confidence and sample proportion (0.0K) remain the same, a confidence interval for a population proportion p based on a sample of n = 100 will be _____ a confidence interval for p based on a sample of n = 400. When the population is normally distributed and population standard deviation ÏÆ' is unknown, then for any sample size n, the sampling distribution of (2.0K) is a t distribution. When a confidence interval for a population proportion is constructed for a sample size n = 100 and the value of, (0.0K) = .4 the interval is based on the The manager of the quality department for a tire manufacturing company wants to study the average tensile strength of rubber used in making a certain brand of radial tire. The population is normally distributed

Public and Private Sectors Essay Example for Free

Public and Private Sectors Essay * Public sector has an influence in tourism business. It is essential to outline the main policy instruments used by governments in order to manage tourism. * Public bodies influence tourism sector either directly, through organization with responsibility for tourism, which include: establishment of infrastructure, information services and creation of tourist attractions and facilities. Or, indirectly, through foreign policies and legal controls, the commercial sector of tourism industry can operate successfully, co-ordinating, promotional and regulatory role in tourism provision, and conservation of the physical and socio-cultural resources that attract tourists to destination. * Governments use demand and revenue management in order to influence demand in the industry by: marketing and promotion, information provision and network development, pricing, controlling access to the destination, safety and security. Supply and cost management are operated by environmental control, building regulations, market regulations, market research and planning, taxation, ownership, education and training and investment incentives. * Private Sector Improve the overall quality of products and services within the tourism industry (all tourism-related accommodation, restaurants, tour guides, tour operators, and other tourism-related service providers); raise the levels of demand nationally, regionally and internationally; promote competiveness within the industry; and, provide valuable and reliable information on quality standards for the tourist and the travel industry. * Provide intensive training to local communities/ private sector in various aspects of development and management of tourism businesses, and hospitality skills to provide them with better opportunities to seek employment in the tourism sector. * Comprehensive general and area-specific development guidelines for tourism zones with specific urban designing, land use planning and infrastructure planning.

Digital modulation and demodulation

Digital modulation and demodulation Chapter 1 Digital Communications 1.0 Digital Communication 1.1 Introduction Communication Process: When we think of communication, we usually think of people talking or listening to each other. This may happen face to face, or it may occur through the assistance of a telephone, radio, or television. Basically, communication is the transfer of information. Life In our modern, complex world depends more and more on the transfer of information. The increasing dependency on the transfer of information has stimulated the growth of more and more communication systems. This surge in communication and communication systems has been referred to as a technological revolution. This shows understand the transfer of information in a communication system The communication system will consist of at least the three parts shown. The channel can be as simple as the air that carries the sound of your voice, or as complex as the satellite network required to carry a television program around the world. The most common problem encountered by the communication process is interference. Interference is any force that disrupts or distorts the information or message while it is being channeled. It could be noise, as in the case of normal conversation, or atmospheric weather changes, as In the case of radio or television The biggest cause of interference, however, is a simple misinterpretation of the intended message. Cultural, economic, and political diversities allow people to receive the same message but interpret it differently. Communication Systems: Communication system is a combination of processes and hardware used to accomplish the transfer of Information (communication). A system is a group of interrelated parts. We find that there are systems all around us. In nature, we can also find examples of systems that have been created by people. An automobile, a washing machine, and an electric drill are examples. 1.2 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: Based on the requirements, the communications can be of different types: Point-to-point communication: In this type, communication takes place between two end points. For instance, in the case of voice communication using telephones, there is one calling party and one called party. Hence the communication is point-to-point. Point-to-multipoint communication: In this type of communication, there is one sender and multiple recipients. For example, in voice conferencing, one person will be talking but many others can listen. The message from the sender has to be multicast to many others. Broadcasting: In a broadcasting system, there is a central location from which information is sent to many recipients, as in the case of audio or video broadcasting. In a broadcasting system, the listeners are passive, and there is no reverse communication path. In simplex communication, the communication is one-way only. In half-duplex communication, communication is both ways, but only in one direction at a time. In full-duplex communication, communication is in both directions simultaneously. Simplex communication: In simplex communication, communication is possible only in one direction. There is one sender and one receiver; the sender and receiver cannot change roles. Half-duplex communication: Half-duplex communication is possible in both directions between two entities (computers or persons), but one at a time. A walkie-talkie uses this approach. The person who wants to talk presses a talk button on his handset to start talking, and the other persons handset will be in receiving mode. When the sender finishes, he terminates it with an over message. The other person can press the talk button and start talking. These types of systems require limited channel bandwidth, so they are low cost systems. Full-duplex communication: In a full-duplex communication system, the two parties-the caller and the called-can communicate simultaneously, as in a telephone system. However, note that the communication system allows simultaneous transmission of data, but when two persons talk simultaneously, there is no effective communication! The ability of the communication system to transport data in both directions defines the system as full-duplex. 1.3 ANALOG VERSUS DIGITAL TRANSMISSION: In analog communication, the signal, whose amplitude varies continuously, is transmitted over the medium. Reproducing the analog signal at the receiving end is very difficult due to transmission impairments. Hence, analog communication systems are badly affected by noise. In a digital communication system, 1s and 0s are transmitted as voltage pulses. So, even if the pulse is distorted due to noise, it is not very difficult to detect the pulses at the receiving end. Hence, digital communication is much more immune to noise as compared to analog communication. 1.4 Digital Modulation: Firstly, what do we mean by digital modulation? Typically the objective of a digital communication system is to transport digital data between two or more nodes. In radio communications this is usually achieved by adjusting a physical characteristic of a sinusoidal carrier, the frequency, phase, amplitude or a combination thereof. This is performed in real systems with a modulator at the transmitting end to impose the physical change to the carrier and a demodulator at the receiving end to detect the resultant modulation on reception. * Modulation is the process of varying some characteristic of a periodic wave with an external signal. * Modulation is utilized to send an information bearing signal over long distances. * Radio communication superimposes this information bearing signal onto a carrier signal. * These high frequency carrier signals can be transmitted over the air easily and are capable of traveling long distances. * The characteristics (amplitude, frequency, or phase) of the carrier signal are varied in accordance with the information bearing signal. * In the field of communication engineering, the information bearing signal is also known as the modulating signal. * The modulating signal is a slowly varying signal as opposed to the rapidly varying carrier frequency. The principal of a digital communication system is that during a finite interval of time, it sends a waveform from a finite set of possible waveforms, in contrast to an analog communication system, which sends a waveform from an infinite variety of waveform shapes, with theoretically infinite resolution. In a DCS (digital communication system), the objective of the receiver is not to reproduce a transmitted waveform with precision. The objective is to determine from a noise-perturbed signal which waveform from the finite set of waveforms was sent by the transmitter. Why Digital?  · The primary advantage is the ease with which digital signals, compared with analog signals, is regenerated. The shape of the waveform is affected by two basic mechanisms. As all transmission lines and circuits have some non-ideal frequency transfer function, there is a distorting effect on the ideal pulse. Unwanted electrical noise or other interference further distorts the pulse waveform. Both of these mechanisms cause the pulse shape to degrade. * With digital techniques, extremely low error rates producing high signal fidelity are possible through error detection and correction but similar procedures are not available with analog. * Digital circuits are more reliable and can be reproduced at a lower cost than analog circuits. * Digital hardware lends itself to more flexible implementation than analog circuits. * The combination of digital signals using Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is simpler than combining analog signals using Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM). Metrics for Digital Modulation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Power Efficiency Ability of a modulation technique to preserve the fidelity of the digital message at low power levels Designer can increase noise immunity by increasing signal power Power efficiency is a measure of how much signal power should be increased to achieve a particular BER for a given modulation scheme Signal energy per bit / noise power spectral density: Eb / N0 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Bandwidth Efficiency Ability to accommodate data within a limited bandwidth Tradeoff between data rate and pulse width Throughput data rate per hertz: R/B bps per Hz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Shannon Limit: Channel capacity / bandwidth C/B = log2(1 + S/N) Disadvantages of Digital Systems * Digital systems tend to be very signal processing intensive compared with analog. * Digital systems need to allocate a significant share of their resources to the task of synchronization at various levels. With analog signals synchronization is accomplished more easily. * One disadvantage of digital communication system is non-graceful degradation. When the SNR drops below a certain threshold, the quality of service can change form very good to very poor. Most analog systems degrade more gracefully. Formatting The goal of the first essential processing step, formatting is to ensure that the source signal is compatible with digital processing. Transmit formatting is a transformation from source information to digital symbols. When data compression in addition to formatting is employed, the process is termed source coding. The digital messages are considered to be in the logical format of binary 1s and 0s until they are transformed by pulse modulation into base band (pulse) waveforms. Such waveforms are then transmitted over a cable. No channel can be used for the transmission of binary digits without first transforming the digits to waveforms that are compatible with the channel. For base band channels, compatible waveforms are pulses. The conversion from a bit of streams to a sequence of pulse waveforms takes place in the block labeled, modulator. The output of a modulator is typically a sequence of pulses with characteristics that correspond to the digits being sent. After transmission through the channel the pulse waveforms are recovered (demodulated) and detected to produce an estimate of the transmitted digits. Formatting in a digital Communication System Symbols When digitally transmitted, the characters are first encoded into a sequence of bits, called a bit stream or base band signal. Group of K bits can then be combined to form new digits, or symbols, from a finite or alphabet of M = 2^K such symbols. A system using a symbol set size of M is referred to as M-array system. Waveform Representation of Binary Digits Digits are just abstractions way to describe the message information. Thus we need something physical that will represent or carry the digits. Thus binary digits are represented with electrical pulses in order to transmit them through a base band channel. At the receiver, a determination must be made regarding the shape of pulse. The likelihood of correctly detecting the pulse is a function of the received signal energy (or area under the pulse). PCM Waveform Types When pulse modulation is applied to a binary symbol, the resulting binary waveform is called a PCM waveform. There are several types of PCM waveforms. These waveforms are often called line codes. When pulse modulation is applied to non-binary symbol, the resulting waveform is called an M-ary pulse modulation waveform. The PCM waveforms fall into the following four groups. 1) Non return to zero (NRZ) 2) Return to zero (RZ) 3) Phase encoded ) Multilevel binary The NRZ group is probably the most commonly used PCM waveform. In choosing a waveform for a particular application, some of the parameters worth examining are 1) DC component 2) Self clocking 3) Error detection ) Bandwidth compression 5) Differential encoding 6) Noise immunity The most common criteria used for comparing PCM waveforms and for selecting one waveform type from many available are 1) Spectral characteristics 2) Bit synchronization capabilities 3) Error detection capabilities ) Interference 5) Noise immunity 6) Cost and complexity of implementation Bits per PCM Word and Bits per Symbol Each analog sample is transformed into a PCM word up to group of bits. The number of quantization levels allowed for each sample can describe the PCM word size; this is identical to the number of values that the PCM word can assume. We use L=2^l Where L is the number of quantization levels in PCM word, l is the number of bits needed to represent those levels. M-ARY Pulse Modulation Waveforms There are three basic ways to modulate information onto a sequence of pulses; we can vary the pulses amplitude, position, or duration. This leads to the names 1) PAM (pulse amplitude modulation) 2) PPM (pulse position modulation) 3) PDM/PWM (pulse duration modulation/ pulse width modulation) When information samples without any quantization are modulated on to the pulses, the resulting pulse modulation can be called analog pulse modulation. When the information samples are first quantized, yielding symbols from an M-ary alphabet set, and the modulation on to pulses, the resulting pulse modulation is digital and we refer to it as M-ary pulse modulation. Base-band modulation with pulses has analogous counterparts in the area of band-pass modulation. PAM is similar to amplitude modulation, while PPM and PDM are similar to phase and frequency modulation respectively. Spectral Density The spectral density of a signal characterizes the distribution of the signals energy or power in the frequency domain. Energy Spectral Density We can relate the energy of a signal expressed in time domain to the energy expressed in frequency domain as: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ Ex = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ « x ²(t) dt -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ « |X (f) | ² df -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ Where X (f) is the Fourier transform of the non periodic signal x (t). Let à Ã‹â€  (t) = |X (f) | ² à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ Ex = 2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ « à Ã‹â€ x (f) df -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ Power Spectral Density The power spectral density function Gx (t) of the periodic signal x (t) is real, even and nonnegative function of frequency that gives the distribution of the power of x (t) in the frequency domain. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ Gx (t) = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ |Cn| ² à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «(f-nfo) n =-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ PSD of a periodic signal is a discrete function of frequency. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ Px = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ « Gx (t) df -à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾ = 2 à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «Gx (F) df 0 If x (t) is a non-periodic signal it cannot be expressed by a Fourier series, and if it is a non-periodic power signal (having infinite energy) it may not have a Fourier transform. However we still express the PSD of such signals in a limiting sense. Chapter 2 Modulation and Demodulation 2.0 Modulation and Demodulation Since the early days of electronics, as advances in technology were taking place, the boundaries of both local and global communication began eroding, resulting in a world that is smaller and hence more easily accessible for the sharing of knowledge and information. The pioneering work by Bell and Marconi formed the cornerstone of the information age that exists today and paved the way for the future of telecommunications. Traditionally, local communication was done over wires, as this presented a cost-effective way of ensuring a reliable transfer of information. For long-distance communications, transmission of information over radio waves was needed. Although this was convenient from a hardware standpoint, radio-waves transmission raised doubts over the corruption of the information and was often dependent on high-power transmitters to overcome weather conditions, large buildings, and interference from other sources of electromagnetic. The various modulation techniques offered different solutions in terms of cost-effectiveness and quality of received signals but until recently were still largely analog. Frequency modulation and phase modulation presented certain immunity to noise, whereas amplitude modulation was simpler to demodulate. However, more recently with the advent of low-cost microcontrollers and the introduction of domestic mobile telephones and satellite communications, digital modulation has gained in popularity. With digital modulation techniques come all the advantages that traditional microprocessor circuits have over their analog counterparts. Any shortfalls in the communications link can be eradicated using software. Information can now be encrypted, error correction can ensure more confidence in received data, and the use of DSP can reduce the limited bandwidth allocated to each service. As with traditional analog systems, digital modulation can use amplitude, frequency, or phase modulation with different advantages. As frequency and phase modulation techniques offer more immunity to noise, they are the preferred scheme for the majority of services in use today and will be discussed in detail below 2.1 Digital Frequency Modulation: A simple variation from traditional analog frequency modulation can be implemented by applying a digital signal to the modulation input. Thus, the output takes the form of a sine wave at two distinct frequencies. To demodulate this waveform, it is a simple matter of passing the signal through two filters and translating the resultant back into logic levels. Traditionally, this form of modulation has been called frequency-shift keying (FSK). 2.2 Digital Phase Modulation: Spectrally, digital phase modulation, or phase-shift keying, is very similar to frequency modulation. It involves changing the phase of the transmitted waveform instead of the frequency, these finite phase changes representing digital data. In its simplest form, a phase-modulated waveform can be generated by using the digital data to switch between two signals of equal frequency but opposing phase. If the resultant waveform is multiplied by a sine wave of equal frequency, two components are generated: one cosine waveform of double the received frequency and one frequency-independent term whose amplitude is proportional to the cosine of the phase shift. Thus, filtering out the higher-frequency term yields the original modulating data prior to transmission. * Modulate and demodulate/detect blocks together are called a modem. * The frequency down conversion is performed in the front end of the demodulator. * Only formatting, modulation, demodulation/detection and synchronization are essential for a digital communication system. * FORMATTING transforms the source information into bits. * From this point up to pulse modulation block, the information remains in the form of a bit stream. * Modulation is the process by which message symbols or channel symbols are converted to waveforms that are compatible with the requirements imposed by transmission channel. Pulse modulation is an essential step because each symbol to be transmitted must first be transformed from a binary representation to a base band waveform. * When pulse modulation is applied to binary symbols, the resulting binary waveform is called a PCM waveform. When pulse modulation is applied to non-binary symbols, the resulting waveform is called an M-ary pulse modulation waveform. * Band pass modulation is required whenever the transmission medium will not support the propagation of pulse like waveforms. * The term band pass is used to indicate that the base band waveform gi (t) is frequency translated by a carrier wave to a frequency that is much larger than the spectral content of gi (t). * Equalization can be described as a filtering option that is used in or after the demodulator to reserve any degrading effects on the signal that were caused by the channel. An equalizer is implemented to compensate for any signal distortion caused by a no ideal hi(t) * Demodulation is defined as a recovery of a waveform (band pass pulse) and detection is defined as decision-making regarding the digital meaning of that waveform. 2.3 Linear Modulation Techniques * Digital modulation techniques may be broadly classified as linear and non-linear. In linear modulation techniques, the amplitude to the modulation signal S (t) varies linearly with the modulating digital signal m (t). * Linear modulation techniques are bandwidth efficient. * In a linear modulation technique, the transmitted signal S (t) can be expressed as: S (t) = Re [Am (t) exp (j2pfct)] = A [mr(t)cos(2pfct) mI(t)sin(2pfct)] Where A is the amplitude fc is the carrier frequency m (t) = mr(t) + mI(t) is a complex envelope representation of the modulated signal which is in general complex form. * From the equations above, it is clear that the amplitude of the carrier varies linearly with the modulating signal. * Linear modulation schemes, in general do not have a constant envelope. Linear modulation schemes have very good spectral efficiency. Normalized Radian Frequency Sinusoidal waveforms are of the form: X (t) =Acos (wt+f) - (1) If we sample this waveform, we obtain X[n] =x (nTs) =Acos (wnTs+f) =Acos (wn+f) (2) Where we have defined w to be Normalized Radian Frequency: w=wTs The Signal in (2) is a discrete time cosine signal, and w is the discrete time radian frequency. w has been normalized by the sampling period. w has the units of radians/second, w=wTs has the units of radians; i.e. wis a dimensionless quantity. This is entirely consistent with the fact that the index n in x[n] is a dimensionless. Once the samples are taken from x (t), the time scale information is lost. The discrete time signal is just a sequence of numbers, and these numbers carry no information about the sampling period, which is the information required to reconstruct the time scale. Thus an infinite number of continuous time sinusoidal signals can be transformed into the same discrete time sinusoid by sampling. All we need to is to change the sampling period with changes in frequency of the continuous time sinusoid. 2.4 Baseband Transmission Baseband Demodulation/Detection  · The filtering at the transmitter and the channel typically cause the received pulse sequence to suffer from ISI (Inter Symbol Interference), thus the signal is not quiet ready for sampling and detection.  · The goal of the demodulator is to recover the pulse with best possible signal to noise ratio (SNR), free of any ISI.  · Equalization is a technique used to help accomplish this goal. Every type of communication channel does not require the equalization process. However equalization process embodies a sophisticated set of signal processing techniques, making it possible to compensate for channel induced interference.  · A received band pass waveform is first transformed to a base band waveform before the final detection step takes place.  · For liner systems, the mathematics of detection is unaffected by a shift in frequency. * According to the equivalence theorem, all linear signal-processing simulations can take place at base band (which is preferred for simplicity) with the same result as at band pass. Thus the performance of most digital communication systems will often be described and analyzed as if the transmission channel is a base band channel. Chapter 3 p/4 Quadrature 3.0 p/4 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (p/4 QPSK) 3.1 Linear Modulation Techniques * Digital modulation techniques may be broadly classified as linear and non-linear. In linear modulation techniques, the amplitude to the modulation signal S (t) varies linearly with the modulating digital signal m (t). * Linear modulation techniques are bandwidth efficient. * In a linear modulation technique, the transmitted signal S (t) can be expressed as: S (t) = Re [Am (t) exp (j2pfct)] = A [mr(t)cos(2pfct) mI(t)sin(2pfct)] Where A is the amplitude fc is the carrier frequency m (t) = mr(t) + mI(t) is a complex envelope representation of the modulated signal which is in general complex form. * From the equations above, it is clear that the amplitude of the carrier varies linearly with the modulating signal. * Linear modulation schemes, in general do not have a constant envelope. Linear modulation schemes have very good spectral efficiency. There are three major classes of digital modulation techniques used for transmission of digitally represented data: * Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) * Frequency-shift keying (FSK) * Phase-shift keying (PSK) All convey data by changing some aspect of a base signal, the carrier wave, (usually a sinusoid) in response to a data signal. In the case of PSK, the phase is changed to represent the data signal. There are two fundamental ways of utilizing the phase of a signal in this way: * By viewing the phase itself as conveying the information, in which case the demodulator must have a reference signal to compare the received signals phase against; or * By viewing the change in the phase as conveying information differential schemes, some of which do not need a reference carrier (to a certain extent). A convenient way to represent PSK schemes is on a constellation diagram. This shows the points in the Argand plane where, in this context, the real and imaginary axes are termed the in-phase and quadrature axes respectively due to their 90 ° separation. Such a representation on perpendicular axes lends itself to straightforward implementation. The amplitude of each point along the in-phase axis is used to modulate a cosine (or sine) wave and the amplitude along the quadrature axis to modulate a sine (or cosine) wave. In PSK, the constellation points chosen are usually positioned with uniform angular spacing around a circle. This gives maximum phase-separation between adjacent points and thus the best immunity to corruption. They are positioned on a circle so that they can all be transmitted with the same energy. In this way, the moduli of the complex numbers they represent will be the same and thus so will the amplitudes needed for the cosine and sine waves. Two common examples are binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) which uses two phases, and quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) which uses four phases, although any number of phases may be used. Since the data to be conveyed are usually binary, the PSK scheme is usually designed with the number of constellation points being a power of 2. 3.2 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Amplitude shift keying ASK in the context of digital communications is a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically zero. Thus the modulated waveform consists of bursts of a sinusoid. In Amplitude Shift Keying the Amplitude varies whereas the phase and frequency remains the same as shown in following . One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and PSK, for example, is that it has not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing (eg, power amplification) more difficult, since linearity becomes an important factor. However, it does make for ease of demodulation with an envelope detector. Thus demodulation is a two-stage process: à ¥ Recovery of the band limited bit stream à ¥ Regeneration of the binary bit stream 3.3 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a method of transmitting digital signals. The two binary states, logic 0 (low) and 1 (high), are each represented by an analog waveform. Logic 0 is represented by a wave at a specific frequency, and logic 1 is represented by a wave at a different frequency. In frequency Shift Keying the frequency varies whereas the phase and amplitude remains the same. Phase shift keying (PSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) was developed during the early days of the deep-space program. PSK is now widely used in both military and commercial communication systems. In phase shift Keying the phase of the transmitted signal varies whereas the amplitude and frequency remains the same. The general expression for the PSK is as Where, ji(t) = the phase term will have M discrete values, given by, ji(t) = 2pi /M 3.4 Binary PSK In binary phase shift keying we have two bits represented by the following waveforms; S0(t) = A cos (wt) represents binary 0 S1(t) = A cos (wt + p) represents binary 1 For M-array PSK, M different phases are required, and every n (where M=2n) bits of the binary bit stream are coded as one signal that is transmitted as A sin (wt + qj) where j=1,.., M 3.5 Quadra phase-Shift Modulation Taking the above concept of PSK a stage further, it can be assumed that the number of phase shifts is not limited to only two states. The transmitted carrier can undergo any number of phase changes and, by multiplying the received signal by a sine wave of equal frequency, will demodulate the phase shifts into frequency-independent voltage levels. This is indeed the case in quadraphase-shift keying (QPSK). With QPSK, the carrier undergoes four changes in phase (four symbols) and can thus represent 2 binary bits of data per symbol. Although this may seem insignificant initially, a modulation scheme has now been supposed that enables a carrier to transmit 2 bits of information instead of 1, thus effectively doubling the bandwidth of the carrier Eulers relations state the following: Now consider multiplying two sine waves together, thus From Equation 1, it can be seen that multiplying two sine waves together (one sine being the incoming signal, the other being the local oscillator at the receiver mixer) results in an output frequency double that of the input (at half the amplitude) superimposed on a dc offset of half the input amplitude. Similarly, multiplying by gives which gives an output frequency double that of the input, with no dc offset. It is now fair to make the assumption that multiplying by any phase-shifted sine wave yields a demodulated waveform with an output frequency double that of the input frequency, wh

Charles M. Manson :: essays research papers

Charles M. Manson   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this world there are cults everywhere. Whether they're in the US, China, or maybe next-door there is always one common factor, control. Charles Manson was a cult leader in southern California during the sixties. Like all cult leaders Manson had his own small band of followers. His influence was so great that his followers were willing to kill for him at his smallest whim.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Manson was very paranoid and was under the influnce that there was to be an upcoming race war. He called this race war â€Å"Helter Skelter†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Page 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles M. Manson was born in Cincinnati on November 11, 1934. His mother Kathleen Maddox, a teenage prostitute, his father was a man remembered as â€Å"Colonel Scott.† In order to give her bastard son a name she married William Manson. He quickly abandoned the both of them. In 1939 Kathleen Maddox was arrested for robbery and Charles was sent to live with his aunt and grandmother. Charles remembered his aunt as a harsh disciplinarian and favored is uncle because he gave him money for the movies and took him on frequent fishing trips. Only when his uncle became ill did his unfit mother come and reclaim her unwanted son and moved to Indianapolis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Mrs. Manson reclaimed her son she promised that she would take care of him and provide for his every need. Unfortunately, all these promises were soon shattered by liquor and men. She frequently neglected Charles by telling him she would be back in an hour and then not show up for the rest of the night. Sometimes when her guilt took her over she would give him fifty cents and another promise; and at other times she just abused him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Mrs. Manson got fed up with taking care of Charles she arranged to have Charles put in a foster home, but arrangements fell through. As a last resort she sent Charles to Gibault School in Terre Haute. Mrs. Manson couldn't keep up the payments and once again Charles was sent back to his mother's abuse. At only fourteen Manson rented himself a room and supported himself with odd jobs and petty theft. His mother turned him into the juvenile authorities. Once there Manson met Rev. George Powers who had him sent to Boys Town near Omaha, Nebraska. Charles spent a total of three days in Boys Town before running away with his new friend Blackie Neilson. They were arrested in Peoria, Illinois for robbing a grocery store and returned back to Indianapolis. Charles was then sent to the Indiana Boys School in Plainfield where he ran away another

Elie Wiesel Speech Summary Essay

In the speech Elie Wiesel says that indifference is bad and that it is a crime against humanity .He also said that indifference to a tragedy is not guiltless and that you cant just witness cruelty towards someone or something and not be responsible in some way for what ends up happening instead he said that you have to step in and help the person or thing that someone is being cruel to. He also talks about his experience during the Holocaust, and how people ignored the millions of Jews that were dying. He also said that indifference is more dangerous than anger and hatred when he says â€Å" Indifference, then, is not only a sin, it is a punishment. And this is one of the most important lessons of this outgoing century’s wide-ranging experiments in good and evil.† he is saying that when people were ignoring the fact that Jews were being killed they were committing a sin. Another thing he said was â€Å"But then, there were human beings who were sensitive to our tragedy. Those non-Jews, those Christians, that we called the â€Å"Righteous Gentiles,† whose selfless acts of heroism saved the honor of their faith. Why were they so few? Why was there a greater effort to save SS murderers after the war than to save their victims during the war?† he was saying that after the war people cared more about helping the SS instead of the and there was few people that wanted to help the Jews that were being killed or injured. Also when he said â€Å" Their fate is always the most tragic, inevitably. When adults wage war, children perish. We see their faces, their eyes. Do we hear their pleas? Do we feel their pain, their agony? Every minute one of them dies of disease, violence, famine. Some of them – so many of them – could saved. He was trying to say that that there are a lot of children dying and they really cant do anything about it and they just end up dying.

Mus 100 Study Guide

MUS 100 FINAL STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 17: – Fortepiano: early piano, named for its range of dynamic levels; it was smaller and less sonorous than the modern instrument. – Classical style: restrained, objective style of art. Classical refers to Western music characteristic of the period from 1750-1825. Composers: – Mozart: Invested much of his music with a degree of emotion expression unusual for his time. Never allowed emotion to dominate his art. – Haydn: Wrote pleasant, good-natured music throughout his long life. Wrote masses, oratorios, and other religious compositions for church and for concert performance. Beethoven: Wrote masses, oratorios, and other religious compositions for church and for concert performance. CHAPTER 18: – Form: organization and design of a composition, or of one movement within a composition. – Symphony: multimovement orchestral form. – Sonata-Allegro: â€Å"first movement form†. The 3 sections: expositio n, development, and recapitulation-form a binary design. – Exposition: first section of a fugue or of a sonata-allegro. – Development: 2nd section of the sonata-allegro; it moves through many keys. – Recapitulation: 3rd section of the sonata-allegro.Reviews the material of the exposition, presenting it in a new light. – Coda: Meaning, â€Å"tail†; a closing section. – Minuet and Trio: ABA. Often the 3rd movement of a symphony, sonata, or string quartet. Consists of two minuets, the second (trio) lighter and more lyrical than the first. – Cadenza: extended passage for solo instrument; typical feature of a solo concerto. – Rondo: ABACA. Form in which various episodes alternate with the opening material. The tempo is usually fast, and the mood merry. – String Quartet: chamber ensemble consisting of two violins, a viola, and a cello. Sonata (classical period): a multimovement composition for one or two solo instruments. CHAP TER 19: – Overture: introductory orchestral piece. – Comic Opera (ope’ra comique, singspiel, opera buffa): Operas light in mood, modest in performing requirements, written in the vernacular language of the intended audience. – Requiem: mass for the dead. – Ensemble Finale: final scene of a musical show in which several soloists simultaneously express, in different words and music, their individual points of view. CHAPTER 20: – Motive: short melodic phrase that may be effectively developed. Art song: concert setting of a poem, usually by a well-known poet, to music. – Lieder: German art songs. – Song cycle: sets of songs by one composer, often using texts all by the same poet. Composers: – Schubert: earliest master of romantic art son. Composed 143 songs at 18. â€Å"Godfather† of the romantic period genre. CHAPTER 21-22: – Cyclic form: multimovement form unified by recurrence of the same or similar melodic material in two or more movements. – Absolute music: instrumental music having no tended association with a story, poem, idea or scene; non-program music. Concert overture: one movement orchestral composition, often inspired by literature and dramatic in expression, yet generally subject to analysis according to classical principles of form. – Program symphony: symphony (composition for orchestra in several movements) related to a story, idea, or scene, in which each movement usually has a descriptive title. – Idee fixe: single melody used in several movements of a long work to represent a recurring idea. – Thematic transformation: variation of thematic or melodic material for programmatic purposes.Sometimes called metamorphosis. – Dies irae: Gregorian chant for the dead. – Symphonic poem (tone poem): programmatic composition for orchestra in one movement, which may have a traditional form (such as sonata/rondo) or an original irregular form . Composers: – Brahms: misplaced classicist. Poured the warmest Romantic emotional content into his classical forms. He based his music on models from the past. – Berlioz: his works were based on unrequited love. Used the idee fixe, which was a melodic reference to his beloved. CHAPTER 23: Character piece: relatively short piano piece in a characteristic style or mood. – Nocturnes: Piece expressing the â€Å"character† of night. – Prelude: short independent or introductory piece for keyboard. – Etude: a virtuosic instrumental study or â€Å"exercise† intended for concert performance. – Rubato: romantic technique of â€Å"robbing† from the tempo at some points and â€Å"paying back† at others. Composers: – Chopin: only great composer who wrote almost exclusively for piano. Most pieces are miniatures. Virtuoso pianist, most famous for lyrical and melancholic melodies.CHAPTER 25: -Post-romanticism: general ter m for several romantic styles that succeeded the dominance of German Romanticism and preceded the return of classicism to the arts. – Atonality: avoidance of a tonic note and of tonal relationships in music. – Impressionism: style of painting and music that avoids explicit statement, instead emphasizing suggestion and atmosphere. – Primitivism: style inspired by primitive works of art and by the relaxed life of unsophisticated cultures. – Pizzicato: technique of plucking string instruments.Composers: – Mahler: post-romantics. Wrestled with conflicting romantic and classical ideals. – Strauss: leader of post-romantic composers. Strictly classical style but developed romantic techniques. – Debussy: first musician labeled an impressionist. Developed unusual harmonies and exotic timbres. – Schoenberg: inventor of the 12-tone method (serialism) > Using the 12 pitches equally. > 12 tone row: playing the 12 pitches in whatever order; no repeated tones until the row has been fully played. > Wrote in a free atonal style gt; Drifted away from traditional harmony and experimented other styles – Stravinsky: went through an early ballet period before the war. He went through a neo-classical period. > Primitivism: movement in the second decade of the 20th century. Reveals romanticism characteristics. Characterized by strong savage rhythms, dissonant combinations of sound and narrow melodies. > â€Å"Rite of Spring†: controversial piece, ballet, and scandal piece CHAPTER 27: – Experimentalism: exploration of previously unknown aspects of musical sound. Polytonality: two or more keys at the same time. – Tone cluster: chord built on seconds. – Prepared piano: piano whose timbre and pitches have been altered by the application of foreign materials on or between the strings. – Twelve-tone technique: arrangement of the twelve chromatic pitches into a tow that provides the melodic and harmonic basis for a music composition. Row: series of tones on which a serial composition is based. Composers: – Schoenberg: inventor of the 12-tone method (serialism) – Weberm: developed his own styles: lean, clean, delicate, and strong. Ives: invented polytonality (incorporating of two different keys). – Cowell: invented the plucking of a piano sound. – Cage: 1912-1992 not trained as a musician. Brought up in Los Angeles. Became a composer. > Alatoric: predetermined sounds and just guessed when it should be played. > Conceptual art: piece called 4 minutes a 33 seconds – just the sounds in CHAPTER 28: – Neoclassicism: 12th century version of classicism in music. – Neoromanticism: 12th century version of a romantic approach to music. –Minimalism: style of music based on many repetitions of simple melodic lines that gradually change and slowly evolve patterns and rhythmic patterns. Composers: – Copland: American nationa list composer > â€Å"Dean of American Music† – Gershwin: Best known of all American opera, filled with the characteristic sounds of jazz, including syncopated rhythms, expressive vocal catches and slides. – Prokofiev: focused on neoclassical music. – Barber: focused on neoromanticism. > Adagio for string orchestra (tonal piece) – Reich: focused on minimalism. – Glass: focused on minimalism.

Parental Control

Parenting during childhood is about nurturing and taking care of the child’s simple needs. The parent is the one in complete control, when the child becomes an adolescent; they need a feeling of their own independence. The goal is for the adolescent to gradually be treated as an adult individual with an equal balance of power between parent and child(). When a child becomes an adolescent their needs grow to fit their new maturity and environment. They have social developed, in which their psychological needs come into play, competence, relatedness, and autonomy (Kakihara & Tilton-Weaver, 2009). To grow these needs, parent control has to be open and supportive of the adolescent. The authoritarian parent demands for perfection and is unresponsive to the child’s needs. The child may feel neglected and distant from their parent. They may also feel overly pressured to meet the high standards set by the authoritarian parent. Permissive parents are the opposite, as in they have very low standards for achievement and have no rules for order. The parent acts in a laissez-faire manor, in which they allow the child to do as they please, without any discipline or praise for their actions. Typically, children raised by permissive parents fail to mature into adolescence and tend to lack respect for the rules of society (Fite, Stoppelbein, & Greening, 2009). Ultimately, passive parents become more liberal parents resulting from the continual defiance and rebellion that their adolescent children express towards their parenting efforts (Keijsers, Frijins, Branje, & Meeus, 2009). The goal is to be a combination of authoritarian and permissive, which is referred to as an authoritative parent. The authoritative parent is highly supportive, and takes time to explain to the child why they may have been punished for their actions (Fite, Stoppelbein & Greening, 2009). In addition to the authoritarian, authoritative and permissive styles of parenting, each parent also has a particular style of parental control. The two main styles of parental control are behavioral and psychological. The authoritarian parent favors controlling the adolescents’ behavior by setting limits, enforcing rules, in an overbearing way. The other type of control, psychological, is the parent using feelings and emotions to control them without the adolescent realizing. (Keijers, Frijns, Branje, Meeus, 2009). In an act to prevent adolescents from delinquency and following the â€Å"wrong crowd† parents try to seek information from the child without making them feel belittled. For delinquency to be prevented, parent involvement must be present, as well as the adolescent’s willingness to listen. When parents fail to react as a supportive parent, they run the risk of their child reacting in a reckless and careless manor. In a study done by Keijsers, Frijins, Branje, and Meeus (2009), noted that adolescent delinquent activities were stronger in families with high levels of parental support. A significant part of raising an adolescent is trusting the child to confide in them (2009). The way parents track their child at the age of adolescents depends a great deal on the amount of information in which the child discloses. The adolescent has greater control of what they are willing to admit, and the relevancy of it. Parents are often unaware of their child’s social life and after school activities. The less the child is willing to share the more the parent may be forced to believe they’ve been engaging in delinquent activities. In the case that this is true, perhaps the child is fearful of disclosing disappointing information. Peer influence plays a major role in the adolescent’s development. Much of their time is spent with friends during this time of development. Whether or not the parent takes part in controlling who they associate with and what they do depends on the supervision*. The relationships adolescents create are the people they will spend a majority of their time with. These are the friends that will they’ll want to impress, feel accepted by, and eventually become their most influential source of approval (Trucco, Colder, & Wieczorek, 2011). Children linked to a misbehaving group that have trouble following authority are more likely to be the child of a laissez-faire parent. The laissez-faire parent gives their child no means of rules or discipline, so when the child is put in a school like environment they’ll have no respect for the rules or consequences (Trucco, Colder, & Wieczorek, 2011). However, parents who don’t approve of their child’s relationships should first get to know their friends before making judgments. Adolescents hold their friendships very highly, a parent forbidding the child to see their friend may result in backlash of problem behaviors (Kakihara & Tilton-Weaver, 2009). Withhold info References

Physics MRI Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Physics MRI - Essay Example The Larmor (or resonant) frequency ω0 is the frequency at which the nuclide precesses about the magnetic field. The resonant frequency is equal to the magnetogyric ratio ÃŽ ³ (specific to the nuclide) times the magnetic field B (Brandolini, 2004): the nuclide 13C at 75 MHz. From the equation above, the magnetogyric ratio ÃŽ ³ is constant so that ÃŽ ³ =ω0 /B = ω’0 /B’, where ω’0 is the resonant frequency when the magnetic field B’ = 1.5 T. Solving for ω’0 : ω’0 = (ω0 B’)/B what is the mean B and B This is explained in the sentence directly above: the single prime corresponds to the resonant frequency when the magnetic field is 1.5 T. You are asking what is meant by B’, but if you look at the sentence above, it was just defined: B’ = 1.5T. It is the magnetic field at 1.5T. B’’ is just a different value of the magnetic field (in this case 4 T) where we are trying to find the frequency w0’’ that corresponds to it. From this equation, if you know the frequency ω0 and the magnetic field B, then the ratio of these is the gyromagnetic ratio. We know the frequency at 6.9T from the reference cited above. Therefore, to find the frequency at a different magnetic field, we just use the equation w0/B = ÃŽ ³ = constant. So another set of corresponding values of w0 and B, call these new values w0’’ and B’’, will also have the same ratio: w0’’/B’’ =ÃŽ ³ constant = w0/B. Since we now have w0’’/B’’ = w0/B, we can multiply both sides by B’’ to get: w0’’ = w0 * B’’/B . Hopefully you can now see where that equation comes from. The reason I didn’t put the calculation down in this case, is because it is EXACTLY the same as the calculation before it, but with different values. You can just follow the equations that were used in the example above it, putting in the

The Iraq war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Iraq war - Research Paper Example The cold war was associated with near-series of close bloody engagements between the two1. The two superpowers involved the use of surrogate nations in their conflict, with Russia supporting Vietnam and the US supporting Afghan. Both the two countries lost the wars. Much of the devastation was felt by the global north countries. The Vietnam conflict resulted in 4 million deaths of Vietnamese and 1.5 to 2 million Cambodians deaths and displaced millions. To the contrary only 58,000 soldiers died with 300,000 wounded. The same situation is evident in the afghan with an estimation of almost 1.3 million deaths of Afghans and only 15,000 deaths of soviet soldiers. During soviets invasion of Afghanistan, the US through the CIA and other allied nations helped train guerilla fighters to resists the invasion of Soviet. Amongst the nations include Pakistani, Britain, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and China. The then United States security advisor urged President Carter that the Afghan resistance was to be supported, meaning they were to be funded and given arms. He informed him of the importance of Chinese and Pakistani support for the rebels. Within three days of submission of the memo to President Carter, the president made a public statement through the secretary of state informing the public of suspension bilateral talks with Soviet Union on the use of atomic energy peacefully. The US Moscow embassy was instructed to cut ties with Moscow. In 1985, president Regan praised the mujahideen fighters, referring to them as their brothers.

Movie Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Movie Journal - Essay Example The movie introduces an aspect of love when Bliss falls in love with a guitarist, Oliver. However, Oliver heartbreaks Bliss by going on a tour around the states with his band. Another turning point suffices when the police unravel the scheme where some roller players like Bliss are underage. Bliss’s parents know about her involvement in Roller Derby. The movie brings the aspect of intimacy where Bliss and Oliver make love (Barrymore Film). Bliss thinks she is old enough to decide on herself while her mother keeps pampering her. Bliss gets heartbroken on realizing that Oliver is cheating on her and seeks comfort from her mother who coerced her to participate in the Blue Bonnet Pageant. However, the pageant and the roller derby match were taking place the same day and Bliss chose to participate in the pageant to please her mother. Nevertheless, Bliss’s father coerced Bliss to participate in the derby to the dismay of Bliss’s mother. Ultimately, Bliss pursues her pa ssion for Roller Derby (Barrymore Film). The movie shows how love supersedes pressure in one’s career and in sports as well as how roller derby solved Bliss’s emotional problems. The movie had 58 songs of different genres. Although the movie received positive reviews, it recorded financial losses thus becoming the greatest underdog sports movie. Personal Best is a 124 minutes movie directed and produced by Robert Towne in 1982 (Towne Film). The movie revolves around the lives of four sports women personalities and their efforts in trying to qualify for the American track-and-field team that would participate in the 1980 Olympic Games. During their preparations, Chris Cahill, a young experienced athlete meets, Tory Skinner, a more experienced athlete where Tory guides Chris on how to improve his performance to qualify for the American track-and-field team (Towne Film). Nevertheless, this generates conflict in the movie where Terry Tinghoff, the coach insists that Chris should only follow the coach’s advice. Moreover, the conflict and anger persists when Tory and Chris develop an intimate relationship and Chris further engages in a heterosexual relationship with Denny (Towne Film). Nevertheless, despite the athlete’s efforts to qualify for the American track-and-field team, United States announced its boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games for political reasons leaving the athletes with only their â€Å"personal best† records from the training sessions and a chattered sporting dream (Towne Film). The movie presents the complexity in relationships between coaches and athletes as well as the challenges of being a woman athlete. Indeed, the movie displays the position of sexuality in spots. More so, the movie depicts distinct sexual relationships in the training camp as well as rewards, uncertainties and risks involved in athletics (Towne Film). Although the movie did not succeed in the box-office, it attracted positive reviews and the refore making a good movie (Towne Film). Sugar is a 120 minutes sports drama film revolving around the life of a baseball player, Miguel (Sugar) (Boden Film). Anna Boden and Ryan Fleck directed and produced the film in 2008 where Miguel seeks to deliver his family from poverty by participating in professional baseball leagues (Boden Film). Indeed, his call to the United States' minor league system marked his breakthrough in sports when he was just 19 years old (Boden Film). As a

Political, Religious, Social, and Cultural Changes in Medieval Europe Essay - 1

Political, Religious, Social, and Cultural Changes in Medieval Europe - Essay Example One of the political occurrences between 1350 and 1570 in Europe was the Mongol Rule. The armies invaded China, Russia, and most parts of the Islamic world. The countries had strongholds within the south. This invasion resulted in the increased dependence of Russia on the Mongol empire known as the Golden Horde. The Mongols sent their officials to Russia’s different towns. This made it easier to collect taxes from the Russians. The Mongols married the Russian women and persons who refused became slaves. This led to an increase of many Russian slaves and the prevalence of the slave trade. The Mongol’s hostility towards women made the Russian women start wearing veils like Muslims to protect themselves. Islam became the central creed of the Mongol empire. The forced mixing of the Mongols and Russians led to further cultural differences between Russia and the West. However, the Mongols did not destroy Russia’s political and religious institutions. The Mongol Rule ma de Russia prosper because of the Mongol’s far-flung trade.The revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe also occurred within this period. This revival occurred after the partial end of the divided feudal monarchy. The king and his semiautonomous vassals shared government power in the past. After the revival, the semiautonomous lost the power to impose taxes, initiate wars, and implement laws. These powers became strong in the monarch. Consequently, the king and his selected agents acquired power. Additionally, taxes, wars, and the legal systems became national issues instead of regional like previous occurrences. The independence of the monarchy led to the elimination of decentralization of the political system.