Stockholm Syndrome Essay Example for Free

Stockholm Syndrome EssayThroughout the semester our class has discussed various types of deviant bearing and what benign of acts might be considered as deviant. Analyzing the motives behind deviant behavior has been very arouse to learn about and has opened my eyes to various reasons wherefore nighone might act deviant. Learning and thinking about the numerous kinds of criminal acts that occur in the macrocosm not only make me wonderment about the criminals themselves, further also about the individuals that be dupes in criminal acts. Hearing about various crimes where people argon injured, murdered, raped, etc, have made me interesting in learning about the thoughts and feelings that victims experience in these kinds of harmful situations. The cases that I find the most interesting are ones of kidnapping and child abduction. The events that take bottom when someone is held captive are unspeakable and many question why abductees would not try to escape.When individuals are placed in a situation where they no longer have any control everyplace their fate, feel intense fear of physical harm, and believe all control is in the hands of their mystifier a threat for survival rear end result. This fear for survival can develop into a psychological response that can leads to having sympathy and support for their captor. This kind of psychological response is referred to as Stockholm syndrome. Stockholm syndrome refers to a group of psychological symptoms that some individuals face when they are held in captive or security situations.The name Stockholm Syndrome was derived from a 1973 bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden, where four securitys were held for six days. When they were in captivity, each hostage seemed to defend the actions of the robbers and even resisted efforts by the law to rescue them. Months afterward their ordeal had ended, the hostages continued to show loyalty to their captors to the point of refusing to testify against them, as wel l as helping the criminals raise funds for legal representation. The hostages appeared to have skeletal frameed a paradoxical wound up bond with the captors. Psychologist and criminologist, Nils Berjerot, described this phenomenon as Stockholm syndrome.Stockholm syndrome is the feelings of trust or affection felt by a victim toward a captor in certain cases of kidnapping or hostage. This paradoxical psychological phenomenon, where a corroboratory bond between hostage and captor forms, appears irrational because of the frightening ordeals that victims endure. So what causes it to happen and why? These positive feelings between hostages and hostage takers develop when a captor threatens a victims life and decides not to kill them. The victim forms a survival instinct that overpowers the instinct to hate the captor who caused the life-threatening situation. The victim is so concerned with prudence their life that they would not jeopardize it with showing hatred or anger toward the ir captor. It is a basic survival instinct, and it occurs when a number of factors are present in a traumatic situation.The first factor that seems to cultivate the presence of Stockholm syndrome is when the person in control is perceived as having the power to kill the victims and threatens to do so. Second, the situation must be one where the victim cannot escape. Since the captor threatens to kill the victim and gives the perception of having the capability to do so, it leads the victim to align with the captor, endure hard knocks of captivity, and comply with the captor to resist getting killed. Thirdly, the traumatic situation must put the victim in an isolative state. This creates an environment where the victim is dependent on the captor for information. The victim is prevented from knowing about the world news and the public search for them. This causes feelings of abandonment and isolation, which makes the victim feel as if they have no choice but to bond with the captor. The victim gets mentally involved in the captors problems and views, and often the victim starts helping to achieve the captors goals.This behavior creates positive bonding between the victim and captor, which increases the chances of survival for the victim. Finally, the abuser must show some form of kindness. The victim seeing the perpetrator as showing some degree of kindness is the most important factor for causing Stockholm syndrome. The syndrome will not develop unless the captor shows compassion in some form toward the victim. For example, lack of abuse may be misinterpreted as kindness, leading to the development of feelings of appreciation. When a victim is under extreme stress and fearing for their life, they see the smallest act of kindness as proof of the abusers compassion. Seeing the abuser as kind helps to lower stress levels and gives the victim a false security that they are safe. There are three characteristics that seem to be apparent in individuals in situations resulting in Stockholm syndrome.One is that the victim has positive feelings for the captor. This often results from the thankfulness of the victim towards the captor for giving life by simply not taking it. The second characteristic usually shown is that the victim shows fear, distrust, and anger towards the authorities. This occurs because the victim feels as if the authorities can only mishandle the situation, therefore putting their life in danger. Viewing authorities as the enemy stimulates a positive bond between victim and captor. This leads to the last characteristic, which is when the captor displays positive feelings towards the victim. Positive feelings from the shown toward the victim are seen as essential for the victims survival. Stockholm syndrome has received considerable media publicity over the years because it has been used to explain the behavior of some notorious kidnapping victims. One famous case of Stockholm syndrome was when the Symbionese Liberation Army k idnapped actress, Patty Hearst, in 1974.After two months in captivity, she actively took part in a robbery that they planned. Another well-known case was that of Elizebeth Smart. She fell victim to Stockholm syndrome after her nine months of captivity and abuse by her captives, Brian David Mitchell and Wanda Barzee. Lastly, the case of Jaycee Lee Dugard was a very prominent story of Stockholm syndrome. Phillip Garrido abducted her for 18 years. Garrido fathered two girls with Jaycee during her captivity. When Jacyee was questioned by investigators, she did not reveal her identity, instead she told them that she was a battered wife who was hiding from her abusive husband. She described Garrido as a good person who she trusted. It was clear that she formed an emotional bond over the years she was held captive by Garrido.While many people will survive such encounters, it does not mean that they do so mentally unharmed. The psychological effects are numerous and victims of Stockholm sy ndrome are left with mental anguish that can last a lifetime. There are many side effects that are cause by Stockholm syndrome. The main effects that seem to have been shown in many victims are depression, self-blame, cordial isolation, self-destructive behavior, flashbacks, guilt, and anger. With so many side effects it is extremely important for sufferers to receive treatment. Treatment of Stockholm syndrome entails a combination of medications and psychotherapy. It is unfortunate to see what the effects of someones criminal behavior can have on others. It is frightening that there are people out there in this world that are capable of committing such terrible actions. The many who have lost their lives and have to deal with life long memories and scars of traumatizing events is horrifying.

Interco Case Essay Example for Free

Interco Case EssayIntercoOn August 8, 1988, Intercos board of directors met to discuss, among other matters, a merger proposal from City Capital Associates Limited Partnership. City Capital had offered $64 per common assign of Interco on July 28, 1988, and had raised that offer to $70 per cope on the morning of August 8. At this board meeting Intercos financial advisors, Wasserstein, Perella Co., established a valuation range of $68-$80 per common share of Interco and presented their evaluation of the offer. Given their valuation, Wasserstein Perella advised the Interco board (see Exhibit 1) that the $70 per share offer was inadequate and not in the best interests of the conjunction and its shareholders. The board of directors voted to revoke the City Capital offer.The CompanyFounded in December 1911, the International Shoe Company was established as a footgear manufacturing concern and remained so until the early(a) 1960s. In 1966, the company was renamed Interco to refle ct the changing character of its business. It had grown, into a major manufacturer and retailer of a wide variety of consumer products and services. Among the most well-known of the brands Interco do were Converse and Florsheim shoes, Ethan Allen furniture, and London Fog rain gear.Intercos various operations were substantially autonomous and were supported by a corporate management supply in St. Louis, Missouri. The companys philosophy had historically been to acquire companies in related fields and to provide their existing management teams with the incentives to expand their businesses while relieving them of such(prenominal) routine support functions as financial and legal requirements. Nearly half of Intercos growth had come through acquisition. The company continually sought entities that would equilibrise the existing Interco companies. Additional criteria used inscreening and selecting acquisition candidates included the presence of highly skilled managers and products th at had established leadership positions in their respective markets. rightfulness analysts viewed Interco as a conservative company that was financially overcapitalized. With a current ratio of 3.6 to 1 and a debt-to-capitalization ratio, including capitalized leases, of 19.3% on February 29, 1988, Interco had ample financial flexibility. This flexibility had allowed the company to repurchase its common shares and make acquisitions as opportunities arose.Research Associate Susan L. Roth prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Scott P. Mason as the basis for mark discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright 1991 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or predication permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685 or write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a s preadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other thanwithout the permission of Harvard Business School.Within these four operating divisions were numerous independent companies as listed in Exhibit 2.Apparel Manufacturing This group consisted of 11 apparel companies that designed, manufactured, and distributed a full range of branded and private-label sportswear, casual apparel, outer garments, and headwear for men and women. Apparel brands included Le Tigre, Sergio Valente, and Abe Schrader. Distribution was national in scope to department stores, military posture shops, and other retail units, including discount chains.General Retail Merchandising This group operated 201 retail locations in 15 states. General retailing included large do-it-yourself home improvement centers, world-wide merchandise discount stores, mens specialty apparel shops, and specialty department stores. Over the prior few years, general retail h ad been greatly scaled back and was now dominated largely by Central Hardware, a do-it-yourself home improvement chain that forceful customer service and a broad selection of products.Footwear Manufacturing and Retailing This division designed, manufactured, and distributed mens and womens footwear principally in the unify States, Australia, Canada, and Mexico. The group operated 778 retail shoe stores and leased shoe departments in 42 states and in Australia. Intercos two major footwear operations, Converse Inc. and the Florsheim Shoe Co., commanded stellar(a) positions in their respective markets athletic shoes and mens traditional footwear. furniture and Home Furnishings This group manufactured, distributed, and retailed quality wood and upholstered furniture and home furnishings. Furniture brands included Broyhill, Lane, Ethan Allen, and Hickory Chair. In recent years, furniture had expanded through acquisitions and increasing profitability to dominate Intercos net income. A t the end of financial year 1988, Interco was the largest furniture manufacturer in the world.Strategic Repositioning ProgramIntercos goals included long-term sales and earnings growth, increasedreturn on corporate assets, and most important, improved return on shareholders equity. To achieve these goals, Interco took a four-pronged approach that included improving the profitability of existing operations and divesting underperforming assets, making acquisitions that had the potential difference for better than average returns and growth, and employing opportunistic financial strategies such as share repurchases and the prudent use of borrowing capacity.With these goals established, Interco, in 1984, began a strategic repositioning platform aimed at improving overall corporate performance. As part of this initiative, Interco accelerated its efforts to divest underperforming assets and reposition itself in markets offering superior growth opportunities and profitability. The progr am resulted in a substantial change in Intercos mix of sales as shown in Table A below. In fiscal 1988 the furniture and footwear groups together accounted for 60% of corporate sales, with apparel and general retail accounting for the rest. This was a reversal of the sales distribution in fiscal 1984.

The Function Organization And Structure Of The International Court Of Justice Law Essay

The Function Organization And Structure Of The Inter content speak to Of judge Law EssayIntroductionIn this essay the author wants to explain the world(prenominal) address of Justice (ICJ). Important in that con textual matter is the history and former organizations, which were the pathfinder of the contemporary institution. It should be explained how the ICJ is casting and who is working. The duties, functions and the supranationalistic importance of the tourist court, plus the reasons why world politics need that kind of international Court. Further testament be explained the most important dominions, rules and Conferences, which build up the ICJ in its arrange- day.There be some important research questions, which be the main(prenominal) issues of the essayWhat is the importance or the meaning of International Court of Justice?Most of the time the organization is mentioned as an institution with judicial arbitration in object lesson of national disputes. It is stan ding over tout ensemble states and has a genuinely strong arbitration. The states atomic number 18 non able to appeal against the ICJs decisions or convictions, what caused the randomness research questionHow the International Court of Justice does achieve these convictions?Who is the judge or who are the judges of the International Court of Justice?This is the question of the formation of the Court. Questions b) and c) have their focus on the inner- organizations of the Court and the author wants to find out, why the Court acts in certain courtings in disputes and what are their concerns and requests to mediate a dispute.Hopefully all the questions will be answered in the end of the essay, in the conclusion at that place will be a comprehensive review of the topic and the important research questions. There is enough literature to use and with some examples of cases between national states, the process and interfering of the International Court of Justice, it should be wel l explained.HistoryAll began with the Jay Treaty of 1794, likewise called the Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation, between the fall in States of the States and Great Britain. It was made out of three mixed commissions with American and British nationals and they had to work as tribunals.1The second more important phase was label by the Alabama Claims arbitration in 1872 again between the United States and Great Britain. In the Treaty of Washington the same parties arranged a bod of neutrality and fixed some important conditions for arbitration. They tried to avoid with the treaties conflicts between the states and they created a proposal of a unchanging international arbitral tribunal.2The third phase was marked by The Hague Peace Conference in 1899 which got initiated by the Russians (Czar Nicholas II). The phase was part of modern international arbitration. The main concern of the conference was discussing peace and disarmament. It got finished with the Convention on the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes (between Asian, American and Europe countries). Out of the Convention the immutable Court of Arbitration got formed. A panel of jurists (from each country) administered the Permanent Court and also a leading office, located at The Hague, got set up. The Court got institutionalized and was familiarly accepted. The functionary establishment was in 1900 and the operating began in 1902.3In 1907 the second Hague Peace Conference started and also States of Central and South America participated. At this conference some participants (United States, Germ whatsoever and Great Britain) tried to form a Permanent Court of Justice, hardly not all participants agreed with that. The problem was how and who had to choose the judges.4The Conference confined itself to recommending that States should adopt a draft convention for the groundwork of a court of arbitral justice as soon as agreement was reached respecting the selection of the judges an d the constitution of the court. Although this court was never in accompaniment to see the light of day, the draft convention that was to have given birth to it enshrined certain fundamental ideas that some old age later were to serve as a source of inspiration for the drafting of the order of the Permanent Court of International Justice(PCIJ).5The Permanent Court worked with cases equivalent the territorial and marine dispute and moulding between Eritrea and Yemen in 1898 and 1899 and in case which concerned Great Britain and Ireland and caused the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North- East Atlantic in 1992 (OSPAR).6The Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ)Article14 of the Covenant of the League of Nations gave the Council of the League responsibility for formulating plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), much(prenominal) a court to be competent not only to hear and determine whatever disput e of an international character submitted to it by the parties to the dispute, and also to give an informative opinion upon any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the Assembly.7In 1920 the Council engaged an consultatory Committee of Jurists to present a report if the establishment of the PCIJ, they sat in The Hague on a lower floor Baron Decamps (Belgium). After the report, the First Assembly of the League of Nations opened in Geneva in the end of 1920. In this case the legal frame of the PCIJ got fixed and realized. Every member country had a vote in case of decisions and elections. The first elections similarlyk locating in September 1921. After the first Assembly, more of them took place in 1921, 1929 and finally in 1936 the Statute and legal frame of the PCIJ became effective and operative.8The PCIJ had later on the spacious road of formation and development some differences to the former Court of Arbitration. First it got a permanently governed body and had an own Statute and Rules of Procedure. back it had a permanent Registry which stayed al representations in touch with governments and international organizations. Third the proceeding was public and got documented for evidence. It also had a permanent tribunal what offered a unvarying practice with international legality and bodies. It also influenced the development in that case. Further all member states had to accept the principles and rules of the PCIJ. The PCIJ had also advisory function in case if the League of Nations Council or Assembly and a member state of the PCIJ were not normally a member state of the League of Nations. Last, it got more and more representive in the international context.9The International Court of Justice (ICJ)Case of the Second World War the PCIJ had less space for activities. The last conference was in December 1939, subsequently that the PCIJ advanced backward and did not act in cases of disputes between countries. In 1942 the United St ates and Great Britain tried to establish a new international Court and the Inter- American Juridical Committee started to construct a new modality of the PCIJ. In connection with this development, some informal Committees got held and published in February 1944 a report, which contained that the Statute has to be an international law and had to be based on the Permanent Court of International Justice. It should have advisory character and acceptance in jurisdiction.10Meanwhile, on 30October1943, chase a conference between China, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States, a joint declaration was issued recognizing the necessity of establishing at the earliest feasible date a general international organization, based on the principle of the sovereign equality of all peace-loving States, and open to membership by all such States, large and small, for the maintenance of international peace and security.11The result of the meeting (October 1944) was a proposal for the Intern ational Court of Justice and represented in the reference at one of the first meetings in Washington 1945, 44 states with a Committee of lawyers. The preparations of the Statute of the ICJ happened at the San Francisco Conference in 1945 with 50 participants and were based on the Statute of the PCIJ. That conference was one of the most important in the history of the ICJ.12The Conference pertinacious against compulsory jurisdiction and in favour of the creation of an all new court, which would be a principal organ of the United Nations, on the same footing as the global Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the trust territory Council and the Secretariat, and with the Statute annexed to and forming part of the Charter.13The Court was the judicial part of the United Nations and was linked to the League of Nations. All member states of the United Nations are member states of the ICJ. In the spring of the ICJ the European countries dominated national, po litical and judicial affairs and case, that was the reason why the ICJ and the United Nation added some countries as members and they increased from 51 (1945) to 192 (2006).14Functions and structureThe official formation date is the 26. June 1945. The official seat is like the former organization in The Hague. The ICJ consists out of fifteen judges, who have to be from the member states of the United Nations. These are independent and have a diplomat status. They get voted from the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations. The main duties of the ICJ are to communicate between two or more disputing parties, but they have to be states, because the ICJ is not working with cases of individuals or organizations. Decisions are based on international law.15Current Judges ad hocThe following judges ad hoc have been chosen in the cases currently pending before the CourtAhmadou Sadio Diallo ( land of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the congou tea)Guinea Mr. Ahmed Mahi ouDemocratic Republic of the Congo Mr. Auguste Mampuya Kanunka TshiaboArmed cultivateivities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)Democratic Republic of the Congo Mr. Joe VerhoevenUganda Mr. James L. KatekaApplication of the Convention on the bar and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia)Croatia Mr. Budislav VukasSerbia Mr. Milenko KreaTerritorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia)Nicaragua Mr. Giorgio GajaColombia Mr. Jean-Pierre CotCertain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France)Republic of the Congo Mr. Jean-Yves de CaraFrance Mr. Gilbert GuillaumeMaritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile)Peru Mr. Gilbert GuillaumeChile Mr. Francisco Orrego VicuaAerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuadorv. Colombia)Ecuador Mr. Ral Emilio VinuesaColombie Mr. Jean-Pierre CotCase concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation)Georgi a Mr. Giorgio GajaApplication of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia v. Greece)Greece Mr. Emmanuel RoucounasThe former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Mr. Budislav VukasJurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy)Italy Mr. Giorgio GajaQuestions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal)Belgium PhilippeKirschSenegal Serge SurCertain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)Costa Rica Mr. John DugardNicaragua Mr. Gilbert Guillaume16The ICJ is the only institution of the United Nations which has its head quarter not in the main quarter in New York, like mentioned is it in The Hague, Netherlands.In the graphic presentation below is explained how the ICJ works. The General Assembly and the Security Council vote the judges all three years for nine years. These judges represent different cultures, communities and legal frameworks. They are responsible for ri ght decisions between state litigations and preconditions for the states who deposit their requests at the ICJ. Important is that they subordinate themselves under the jurisdiction of the ICJ. They are also responsible for the legal options in case and questions of the international law for the United Nations.17The authorities of the ICJ are provided in the fourteenth chapter of the UN- Charta, decided in 1945 in San Francisco. One the one hand the ICJ has his one statute and one the another(prenominal) it is based on the UN- Charta. That inwardness that a member of the ICJ is also a member of the United Nations.The ICJ in connection with international lawThe ICJ has to base its decisions on the international law, mentioned above. Because of the international law, the ICJ is a legal person which is allowed to addle his own decisions on a juristically structure on which it is based. In Act 38 Paragraph 1 it is mentioned that the Court has a statute based on international law, but it can also decided with the acceptance of the parties which are the main characters in a dispute.18The UN- Charta and the ICJThe chapter XIV of the UN- Charta says in Act 92 that the ICJ is the main adjustication of the United Nations and has a permanent statute and its duties, responsibilities and arrangements are based on the Charta and the statute. The first point of Act 93 means that all members of the United Nations are members of the Court. Second, a state who is not a member of the United Nations can get a member of the Court, but under different circumstances. There has to be held a conference at the General Assembly of the United Nations and the state has to have a reference of the United Nations Security Council. The first part of Act 94 says that every member of the United Nations is committed, in case of disputes to follow the interventions of the ICJ. If one of the parties of the dispute does not follow the rules of the ICJ, the other party is allowed to bring their c ase to the United Nations Security Council. The Security Council is the last institution who can finish the dispute and is able to make harder arrangements for the dispute parties. In Act 95 is scripted that the states can also ask other Courts to interfere in the dispute. The last Act, Act 96, says that United Nations Security Council can make requests for information of dispute cases and other institutions of the United Nations can with the allowance of the General Assembly ask for information of cases.19These conditions of work and service did not help very much at peace- memory and with international security, which is one of the main duties and responsibilities. The former idea of the ICJ was to interfere between disputes and the result should be no war and military access, but this was and is impossible, because many states do not want to make compromises.20In official demonstrations, the ICJ most of the time interpreted and based their judgments and feats in international c ontexts on the UN-Charta. Every time they dismiss a judgment, they add, that they worked with the conventions of the Charta and the international law. The reason why they are so careful with their information is because of the international context and the cases with which they are working and the worrying about devising problems between countries worse.21Types of ProceedingThere are existing two different types of proceeding. First is the disputable proceeding based on Act 92 of the UN- Charta and second is the procedure of advisory opinion or expert sagaciousness based on Act 96 of the UN- Charta and the IJC- Statue.22Disputable ProcedureThe disputable procedure should be a procedure which is based on peaceful re root words for all contributing parties, in case of ICJ. The countries which are acting like parties, when they have a litigation at ICJ they have to be members, to be able to ask for help at the ICJ. If they are no members of the ICJ or the United Nations, they have t o get a recommendation of the Security Council and afterwards the General Assembly is deciding if they are allowed to access the process and if they get a party for that time of the United Nations and the Court. If not, they cannot work with the ICJ together. International organizations are not allowed to get parties of the ICJ. These decisions were made on the Conference of San Francisco. The only way they can participate, is the way of listening.23Also important for the ICJ is the responsibility of an international tribunal. The Court can only work with a dispute between countries, when all parties agree to the litigation at the ICJ. This is based on a general principle of international law. At the Conference of San Francisco in 1945 it got discussed to base the Court on an obligatory jurisdiction, but in the end the Court got the statute of the handed-down system with the former sovereignty principle. The countries have the possibilities to form an agreement, before the case com es official to the Court, who shows the responsibilities of the ICJ, but both parties have to agree. They can make a sort of compromise to abbreviate the proceeding. The states have also the possibility to arrange agreements for the time after the political campaign. Such a compromise should control the disputes and the acting. This should work like finesse or mediation- to prevent wars and conflicts. These agreements could be for example multi- or bilateral contracts. Additional the countries can arrange the responsibilities of the ICJ also for the future, like they can work out compromises. This way of acting is called facultative obligatory. These compromises and obligatories can have time- limits or there could be instructions which they have to follow with or without a time- limit. That depends on the case and if there is the necessity from the Court to interfere. If there is a case, where the parties are not able to define the responsibilities of the Court together, then the Court is deciding the circumstances of the trial.24In the text above is written that the ICJ only interferes if there is a conflict between countries and there is no other possibility to solve the problem or conflict without a Court. The ICJ defines a conflict and its rule disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal view or if interests between two persons25That definition defines conflicts, but it does no show if it has to be juristically or non- juristically. The interpretation of the definition could also factor in political and sociable disputes. If it also includes social problems, then there is duty- problem with the International Criminal Court (ICC). Because of this defining problem the cases has to be totally clear and they have to be cases which do not have effects on political and social positive working structures. If they have such effects, then it would not be any more a case of the ICJ, but of the ICC (International Criminal Court).26The trial of the dispute has to be telld in two parts, the written and the spoken part (Act 43). really important in this context is the preliminary objections27which could be used before the trial and during the trial from the parties against the Court. The law which is used from the ICJ for decisions is the mentioned international law. The international law gets garbled in three parts first the under international law contracts, second general legal principles and third customary international law. Facilities for the ICJ can be already given verdicts or scientific consensus. The second mentioned form was in the past mostly used at national courts and in international law. directly the general legal principles are disappearing and are not used very often. Today the ICJ is using the international law contracts and the customary international law most of the time.28The decisions of the ICJ can be obligation or declaratory judgments. The judgment concerns only the disputing parties and the judgmen t has to be accepted. There is nothing existing which could change that, but under conceivable explanations the trial can be scheduled. If a stated does not follow the guidelines of the judgment, the Security Council can threat and order penalties.29The Procedure of Advisory Opinion or Expert AssessmentIn this procedure the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations can get an advisory opinion from the ICJ. In this context an advisory opinion or assessment means a juristically statement of a case of disputing countries. In the procedure no parties exist and an advisory opinion is in that context essential. The Court has more power over the case and more ways to interfere. This power results out of the advisory opinion, which gets verbalized by the Court for the UN- institutions. A reason why the procedure get used, results out if the not given capacity to sue and be sued of the United Nations. It should be a sort of compensation. The Court is not only checking t he advisory opinion, because it has to involve the statements of the requisitioning institution and the statement of the states which are not the main characters of the trial, but they get mentioned. There are some other institutions who are also allowed to ask for an expert assessment, for example the International Labor Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency or the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization and more. The General Secretary is not allowed to request for an advisory opinion, but different organizations and institutions tried to get the ability to receive that. Up to the present day the ICJ and the people who are responsible for the UN- Charta did not react for this request. The General Secretary has just the possibility to summon the Security Council or the General Assembly to get an advisory opinion. These institutions of the United Nations can request for every question of law, but that is not the common treatment nowadays.30To g et an expert assessment an institution or another different applicant has to have a question of law for the ICJ. Here is again the problem to separate political and juristically questions, but in this case until today the Court did not find a working consensus. The most of the time the Court decides when it gets the request. The questions do not need any form or structure they just have to show the problem.31When the advisory opinion includes states, then the ICJ do not need the acceptance of these countries for such a request. The Court can make that and there is no different statement in the UN- Charta which would forbid that. But the ICJ cannot make a trial without the agreement of the states that means when the ICJ would make a verdict because of an advisory opinion, the states do not have to agree. If that would happen the ICJ has to refuse the request of an advisory opinion. The procedure of expert assessment belongs like the disputable procedure to the international law.32Dif ferences between the ICJ and the Security Council of the United NationsA comparison between the ICJ and the Security Council is important, because they are both main parts of the UN-Charta (Act 7 para. 1). They are on the same level and have the same possibilities, but also their own functions and skills. The main subject of differentiating between the two important institutions is the liberty or dependence of the members. A second important point is the difference between the types of procedure, because the ICJ should only work with juristical questions and the Security Council is responsible for political differences. The trials in the ICJ are stricter and more formal. The way to the Court, during and after the Court, has exact guidelines and they have to be accepted from the requesting states. In the Security Council there are more liberties for the involved parties. The states do not have to take care of many responsibilities or formal conventions in comparison to the ICJ. One of the most important differences is the handling with a verdict after the trial. If states request at the ICJ they have to accept the verdict and they cannot do anything again. The Security Council gives advice, so the countries do not need to feel compelled it do any action they dislike. The decisions of the Security Council are for the protection of the global peace and the international security.33Decisions of the ICJ in the past and its handlingThe activity of the International Court of Justice is not too rich. In its twenty four years of existence, the I.C.J. has received about fifty cases, rendered judgments in twenty one, and has issued thirteen advisory opinions.34In this topic the handling of the ICJ in different cases with disputes should be described. There will be some examples from the past to explain difficult backgrounds and the view of the ICJ.In its judicial activity, as well as in the advisory one, besides the decisions and the advisory opinions delivered, the Cou rt has recorded, every time a decision was rendered or it issued an advisory opinion, numerous individual or separate opinions. Some of these opinions, real juridical masterpieces, are often of particular significance, due to the fact that they insist on some principles and arguments of international law, dissimilar to those which led to the solution rendered by the Court. These individual and separate opinions are regularly presented in extenso emphasis added in Recueil des arrest, avis consultatifs et ordonnances emphasid added.35The decisions of the ICJ did not only help to find solutions in the international context. They also are an expression for the structure of the international law, where it comes from and how it gets handled. International justice, international law and international relations are very young from a historical perspective. The ICJ got establish around eighty years ago and the former international tribunals maybe existed twenty years longer. This has many r easons the world how we know it today, did not exist that way in the nineteenth century. The civilizations changed with the medial facilities for example or the First and Second World War, the forces in the international context changed in that case rapidly. The ICJ had started small and gigantic revolutions in law perspectives, because law was not longer a part of one or two countries, law got global and international.36The author of the essay will take the first three cases as examples for the working processes in the ICJ.The Corfu Channel Case37The first case of the ICJ handled about the Corfu Channel Case in April 1949. The parties of the trial were the United Kingdom of Great Britain including Northern Ireland and the Republic of Albania.38The judges Acting President GUERRERO President BASDEVANT Judges ALVAREZ, FABELA, HACKWORTH, WINIARSKI, ZORII, DE VISSCHER, Sir Arnold MCNAIR, KLAESTAD, BADAWI PASHA, K RYLOV, R EAD, HSU MO, AZEVEDO M. EER, Judge ad hoc.39The case started in October 1946 when British ships drove into the Albanian water territories for mine- sweeping without any allowance of the Albanian government. The Albanians left after the Second World

Religious Freedom and the US Constitution

Religious Freedom and the US ConstitutionIn America, one of the greatest civil rights we affirm is that of religious freedom. This, on with several former(a)s are granted to all citizens no matter where in the country they live, what country they are originally from or what religion they chose to entrust. In let down of the attacks on America, in September 2011 there are those who have claimed that they are no longer allowed to freely practice their religion freely that they are persecuted by those who are supposed to uphold the laws, however there is no concrete proof to back up these claims. What has happened, whether due to these claims or not are laws macrocosm passed to solve a problem that actually doesnt exist (Asam Uddin).When reading the U.S. Constitution, the starting Amendment reads Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free solve thereof or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances How does this affect federalism? The fountainhead that comes to mind is does federalism truly support religious freedom for all and if so what impact does it have? For this, Id like to use the case of county clerk Kim Davis, of Rowan County, KY who refused to attribute marriage certificates for uniform sex couples and sighted her own religious beliefs as a reason. fly the coop Davis was sued by many couples who she refused to give a license to and in Miller v Davis, (ACLU, 2017) she was ordered to issue the licenses and when she defied that order was jailed for five days. Miss Davis asked that her name be removed from the license and a law was passed that allowed for a marriage certificate with no clerks signature. This case made huge headlines and since it was also during the 2016 presidential campaign was made an even bigger issue, in the end Miss Davis won her battle, if it can be called a battl e, against having to issue marriage certificates with her name and names of other clerks in the Kentucky county clerk office to couple of the analogous sex.The wall that followed Miss Davis refusal to issue marriage certificates ran the gamut on both sides. For many years same sex couples have been seeking to be recognized as licit unions with the same benefits and protections offered to the traditional male, female union, According to Corvin and Gallagher, 2012, for the first time in May of 2011, the gallop poll showed a small majority of Americans favored legalizing same sex marriage, with 53% for and 45% against. What is hotly contested is that marriage is betwixt a man and a woman, however in this book both authors have differing views with Corvin for same sex marriage and Gallagher firmly against.The negative impact of religious freedom in this case is that because of where miss Davis and others like her work, or even other commercees who now must service openly gay people , is that they are forced to go against their own beliefs and issue same sex marriage licenses or countenance service to same sex couples. This impacts people all across this country even if they are not as vocal as Miss Davis was. to the highest degree cannot afford to lose their jobs so they remain silent hoping that somehow things will change. Unfortunately the change those people are hoping for may not come to realization unless they themselves take a stand and then live with whatever the outcome is.The positive impact of this case is the ruling that a bill was passed where one whizz marriage license form is used for all couples, heterosexual and gays, the county clerks names are no longer on the licenses and those applying can check bride, groom or spouse. Also, unless one volunteers to sign as a notary public, that is not a requirement either. This satisfies both the request for a marriage license by gays and no names being required on the licenses for people such as Miss D avis. In this case, all concerned can still work without infringing on their own religious freedoms while doing so.The most significant impact in this case is the compromise that was reached. Society has taught us that marriage is traditionally between a man and a woman and although now the issue of same sex marriage is out in the open, for decades couples have lived together as an unrecognized marital unit. Some lived in alarm because that lifestyle was frowned upon and others just simply lived together and if asked claimed the person as a family member. Is it right to have to live in fear? The answer any sane person would give is no, yet that is exactly how many gay couples have lived. With the event of legalizing same sex marriage and fling the same benefits and protections as a man and woman couple, many have finally chosen to come out in the open. They now faced other challenges such as the one in Kentucky where they were unable to get married. The issue that most people beli eve was not taken into consideration was how others would react to legalizing same sex marriage. On the one hand it is good for those who felt as if they were living on the fringes of society, shunned for who and what they were and having no support. On the other hand, for the majority who feels that marriage is between a man and a woman, this posed a huge acceptance problem. Is it now fair for these very people to go against everything they have been taught since childhood and engrained in their very core that anything other than a man and a woman was wrong as a married couple is wrong? Now, at to the lowest degree in Kentucky, no longer will the county clerks have to worry about that particular issue. It has been settled by the bill that was signed by the governor. Still, there is the business side of things however, businesses must make a profit to survive so they are working on that without involving the courts. No person should ever have to go against their own religious belie fs to appease someone else but we live in a world that is evolving and to survive, we too must evolve. Doesnt mean we must go against our beliefs, it scarce means we must find ways to compromise without infringing on someone elses first amendment rights.In conclusion, when it comes to freedom of religion, we all have the inherent right to practice our religion without fear of retaliation against us. As with everything there are positive and negative aspects and impacts. No single person should feel persecuted or discriminated against because of their religious beliefs and no person should have to go against their religious beliefs to appease the masses. The issue discussed was same sex marriage and even though it is still not widely authentic by society, as a whole, society will have to learn to make compromises because without compromise, people in the LGBT community will find themselves being discriminated against whether it is learned or unintentional and that in and of itself is a shame we all must live with.ReferencesAcademic Freedom and the First Amendment in the Supreme Court. Retrieved fromscholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1751context=facpubsAsma Uddin, The First Amendment Religious Freedom for All, Including Muslims, 20 Wash. Lee J. Civ. Rts. Soc. Just. 73 (). Available at http//scholarlycommons.law.wlu.edu/crsj/vol20/iss1/9John Corvino-Maggie Gallagher (2012). Debating Same-Sex Marriage. New York OxfordUniversity Press.http//dailycaller.com/2016/04/14/kentucky-clerk-kim-davis-just-officially-won-the-same-sex-marriage-license-battle/Miller v. Davis American Civil Liberties amount ACLU. Retrieved February 19, 2017, fromhttps//www.aclu.org/cases/miller-v-davis

Rogers Communications Analysis

Rogers Communications Analysis naturally Rogers has competition with companies like cost Canada, TELUS and Shaw Communications. There be also new providers in the sedulousness that be offering products and function at low prices. Rogers is a bon ton that has the best technology in comparing of other providers. It is the only company that operates on both GSM and HSPA technology.1Rogers operates in three areas. The first one is Wire slight, which includes wireless voice and data communications services. Rogers is Canadas largest wireless provider. The second one is Cable. Rogers is one of Canadas largest providers of cable goggle box services as well as high-velocity internet access, telephony services and video retailing. The third and the closing one is media, which includes radio and television broadcasting, televised shopping, magazines and craftiness publications, and sports entertainment. Its backbone is its distribution channels, which includes 3,600 Rogers-owned, dealers and retail come inlets. Rogers provides valuable customer services to its customers. Its goal is to increase its subscribers and mystify the best communication and media provider. There are 70 subscribers out of 100 (2010) in comparison of 25 per 100 (2000). Furthermore,2in the time of recession, Telecom effort is one of the industries that have been able to outlive and defy mesh margins. Thus, Telecom industry is an industry where consumers go first which means that consumers would reduce their spending on other goods and services in comparison of telecom services. Therefore, if Rogers has trade name image and the merchandise is full of opportunities then why let new entrants capture the market share.The second issue that Rogers face is regarding its financial position. If we satisfy the give in below, companys sales growth in 2007 was 14.54% and cost of goods sell was $961 billion. In 2008, sales growth reduced to 11.97% but cost of goods multifariousness wa s more ($1303 zillion). If we see the last year that is 2009, sales growth was just 3.49% and cost of goods sold was $1380 million. This concludes that, if sales growth has been decreasing every year, cost of goods sold has not been decreasing with relative to sales growth. In other words, profit margin has been decreasing and companys ope proportionalityn is not able to increase its sales growth and minimize its cost of goods sold. Morever, if we see the debt to equity ratio, it is increasing every year. In 2007, it was 12.3. In 2008, it was 12.61 and in 2009 it was 12.98. This concludes that Rogers is using a lot of debt to finance its operations. But on the other side, Rogers has good return on assets of 8.67% in 2009 in comparison of 6.18% in 2008, which means Rogers is earning more money on less investment this year.In order to overcome current ch everyenges, Rogers should use overall low cost provider strategy. Rogers should apply this strategy to solve its business and fina ncial issues. The advantages of this strategy are customer satisfaction, moving towards its rivals, prevail market conditions and strengthen its market position. What else so-and-so Rogers do to maintain its market share and presence? Rogers can include features and services in packages that are essential to its consumers. It can find ways to achieve competitive advantage that would be enceinte for the current rivals and new entrants to match. Though the industry did have the slowest growth in 2009 from 2000, the analysis shows that at that place is a lot of means to grow. When Rogers would use lower pricing for its products and services then there would be less competition and more accessibility to local market that would increase its sales and revenues. By doing this, Rogers is completing its mission strategy, which is to add great repute to its customers lives by offering new and reachable products and services.When companies raise prices of their products and services, they dont realize that by doing this they are far away from their customers but new entrants are putting themselves in their customers shoes. In other words, they are thinking like their customers. This is what Rogerss strategy should be, to think like its customers and add value to their lives. If Rogers would think like its customers then there would be brand loyalty and there is less risk of loosing its market share and presence. If customers would feel that Rogers has understood them, then they would definitely contract with Rogers. This would lead to Rogers implementing its financial strategy, which is to maximize profit and return on investments.In regards to reducing Rogerss cost of goods sold, Rogers should invest more money on new technologies to improve its companys operations. This would decrease its cost of goods sold and increase business efficiency. In addition, Rogers can outsource some of its operations as it has been doing with its physical IT infrastructure. Rogers has been outsourcing its physical IT infrastructure to IBM to make capital expenditure efficiencies. Rogers can do the same with some of its operations but one thing to consider is that Rogers should have strict quality standards for its products and services while outsourcing. Furthermore, cost of goods sold increases when there are high designs or services that is neither seen nor valued by customers. Rogers can simplify its products and services and reduce cost of goods sold.In conclusion, Rogers, to become the best telecom company in Canada should apply all the recommendations above. This would help Rogers to increase its subscribers and reduce its cost of goods sold.A) INDUSTRY INFORMATION1. What are the Industrys Dominant economic Features?Market Size3In 2010, there are 70 wireless subscriptions for every 100 Canadians in comparison of 25 wireless subscriptions per 100 in 2000.Market Growth Rate (Product Life Cycle) Maturity. There is competition between different companies.Grow th Cycle4Real gross domestic production change magnitude from $25,559 million in 2007 to 26,775 million in 2009.52009 and 2010 are the slowest years of production growth in two decades.Scope of Rivalry6 junior-grade barriers of intro. stark naked entrants are providing same services that big players do at low prices.Type of Distribution Channels7Dealers, retail outlets and advertisement.Pace of technological change8Internet connection giving access to television entertainment.Level of Product Differentiation-Low. All companies offer same products or services.Ease of Entry Exit9Low barriers of instauration due to deregulation of telecommunications service providers and advancement in telecommunication system.Industry Profitability10Profit margin has decreased to 12.8% in 2009 from 13 % in 2007.Summary- Telecommunication Industrys market size and real gross domestic production has increased but profit margin has decreased. There are low barriers of entry but competition is high.2 . Competitive Analysis Summary The 5 Forces ModelThe Rivalry among competing sellers in the Industry Intense. Companies try to puff customers with more discounts, promotions and benefits in comparison of their competitors.Firms in other industries offering substitute products Weak. Customers have no option or substitute for services offered by companies in telecommunication industry.The potential entry of new competitors-Weak. Low barriers of entry11due to deregulation of telecommunications service providers and advance in telecommunication system. Entrants enter the market but do not survive unless they offer low prices because companies ruling in telecommunication industry have brand equity and customer loyalty.The bargaining power of suppliers12Weak. Small Internet resellers rise a very small share of the market, and their share has been declining in recent years.The bargaining power of buyers-Moderate. There are not many companies that offer all the products and services but still customers switch to rivals when they offer huge discounts and promotions.Summary- Suppliers share has been decreasing. There are no substitutes and buyers have very less options. There are low barriers of entry but competition is high too.3.Drivers of ChangeIndustry Growth Rate13Real gross domestic production increased from $25,559 million in 2007 to 26,775 million in 2009.Product Innovation14Smartphone, high speed Internet and digital TV.Technology Change15Fiber optics, improved computer technology and the Internet.Regulatory/Government Influence16Business rules are regularly changing which is giving small Internet providers access to the large companies networks.Summary- The main driver of change is the new technology introduced every time that excites customer to purchase products and services.4.Competitive PositionQuality of Services and NetworkLess MoreFew Many insurance coverageWho is favorably/ unfavorably positioned why? -Bell Canada occupies the most favorable positi on among the rivals because of being first Canadian telecom company and occupying more coverage. The stuffyst competitor to Bell Canada is Rogers that offers large variety of products and services and has a wide geographical presence in the market of telecommunication industry. 5.Key Success FactorsTechnology Related17HSPA+ 21 Mbps wireless network and DOCSIS-3.0 50 Mbps high-speed Internet service.Organizational Capability18Knowledgeable staff that would develop newer, better, and faster ways to deliver what customers want, while also delivering benignant returns for shareholders.Distribution Channel19Diversified distribution channels such as dealers, retail outlets and advertisement.Other-Brand image. Widely recognized and accepted by customers.Summary- Key supremacy factors in telecommunication industry are technology, well-trained staff, distribution channels and brand image.6.Industry Attractiveness-The industry is at maturity level. There is a lot of room to grow and profit s are high. Whenever, new technology is introduced, customer demand increases. Low barriers of entry makes it easy for new entrants to enter the industry but it is hard to survive unless they offer low prices because there are big players in the industry. There are no substitutes. Competition is intense as companies try to attract customers with more discounts, promotions and benefits in comparison of their competitors.B) COMPANY RESOURCES AN INTERNAL ASSESSMENT1. The Strategic-Making ProcessVision Statement stated/implied20To grow in the business while victorious care of corporate social responsibility.Mission Statement21To add great value to customers lives by offering new and reachable products and services.Strategic ObjectivesBusiness maximise the number of subscribers and become Canadas best communication and media provider.Organizational 22Achieve highest standards of business conduct among all employees.fiscal Maximize profit and return on investments.Current Strategy-23L aunched Long Term Evolution (LTE) so that customers can anywhere, anytime access to information, communications and entertainment.Strategic Performance IndicatorsQualitative Measures-24High-quality network coverage.-Customer satisfaction. HSPA+ 21 Mbps wireless network and DOCSIS-3.0 50 Mbps high-speed Internet service.Quantitative Measures-257% growth rate in Wireless Network and Cable Operations businesses in 2009.261.5 million Smartphone customers in 2009.2. fiscal AnalysisConclusion- The Company has issue with its cost of goods sold. Comparing all years, sales growth is decreasing but cost of goods sold is increasing .If this continues then concisely the company would loose its financial well -being. Therefore, the company should increase its sales growth but decrease its cost of goods sold.High debt to equity ratio indicates that the company is using a lot of debt to finance operations, which might be reason for company to have more earnings than it would have without debt. Ro gers have 1 2.98 in 2009.27Rogers has also generated a 29% increase in free cash flow growth in 2009.Return on assets provides information on how efficaciously company is utilizing its money to convert it into sales. Rogers has good return on assets of 8.67% in 2009 in comparison of 6.18% in 2008, which means Rogers is earning more money on less investment this year.In total asset turnover, the figure indicates how much is generated in sales from every dollar worth of assets. Rogers has 68.80% in 2009 in comparison of 69.9% in 2008.This means that Rogers has been less efficient at using its assets in generating sales this year.In current ratio, the conclusions cannot be drawn before considering other factors. However, when the current ratio is higher than 1, it is normally considered acceptable. It indicates how quickly current assets can be turned into cash. Rogers is in less good position by having 10.80 in 2009 in comparison of 10.84 last year.3. The Company Value ChainOperation s28Rogers is the only one operating on both GSM and HSPA technology.29Outsources its physical IT infrastructure to IBM to make capital expenditure efficiencies.Distribution30Powerful national product distribution network consisting of more than 3,600 Rogers-owned, dealer and retail outlets.Sales and Marketing31Activated 1.5 million Smartphone customers.Service32Created a dedicated team who would engage with customers looking for help in online forums and micro blogs.33Created the Rogers Customer Commitment to help customers understand what they can demand when they contract with Rogers.Summary- Rogers have the best technology, outsource, distribution network and customer service that makes its way to success.4.Competitive Strength Assessment Model 5-8 KSFs weightedConclusion- Bell and Rogers have close competition. TELUS and Shaw are behind Rogers. Bell has 10 rating for reputation image because of being the oldest and trusted company in Canada. Rogers is trying its best to grab B ells market presence and has been successful in doing that. In terms of technology, Rogers has 10 rating because it is the only one operating on both GSM and HSPA technology.5. SWOT Analysis natural(S)trengths-Brand recognition.34Powerful national product distribution network.35Dedicated team for customers.(W)eaknesses-Internal inefficiency that increased cost of goods sold.-Dependent on debt.External(T)hreats-Bell, TELUS and Shaw Communications.36New entrants are entering the market.(O)pportunities37Attract new clients.38$900 million total principal amount of 4.70% Senior Notes due in 2020.Summary- Rogers has internal strength in its brand recognition and distribution channels. Its weakness lies on increased cost of goods sold and debt. Competition is intense with current rivals and new entrants. Opportunities are bright with new and existing customers.6. Strategic Issues that merit Managerial perplexityBusiness Issue39Would it be a good strategy by Rogers to lower price of its pr oducts and services due to high competition from new entrants?Financial Issue-How should Rogers decrease their rising costs?7. Criteria for Strategic Solution(s)Able to maintain high quality network coverage, HSPA+ 21 Mbps wireless network and DOCSIS-3.0 50 Mbps high-speed Internet service, 7 % growth rate in Wireless Network and Cable Operations businesses, 1.5 million Smartphone customers and reduce cost of goods sold.Work CitedCanadian industrial Outlook. (Autumn 2010). Canadas Telecommunications Industry. The Conference Board of Canada Retrieved from http//www.conferenceboard.ca.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/temp/f191b447-0cc1-43f8-89cd-a7d54518d917/11-146_CIOS-Telecom_Autumn10_WEB.pdf.Investor Relations. Rogers. Retrieved from http//www.rogers.com/web/Rogers.portal?_nfpb=true_pageLabel=IR_LANDINGCorporate Social Responsibility. Rogers. Retrieved fromhttp//your.rogers.com/aboutrogers/csr/overview.aspAbout Rogers. Rogers. Retrieved fromhttps//www.rogers.com/web/Rogers.portal?_nfpb=true_ pageLabel=about_landingPRNewswire. (October 6, 2010). Rogers Announces First Lte Technical Trial in Canada. Yahoo finance. Retrieved fromhttp//finance.yahoo.com/news/Rogers-Announces-First-Lte-prnews-2287777662.html?x=0.v=62Guides to Occupations. Working in the Telecommunication Workers Industry. Skilled Immigrant Infocentre. Retrieved fromhttp//skilledimmigrants.vpl.ca/index.php/guides/industry/telecommunication_workersDefining Next. ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2009 ANNUAL REPORT. Rogers. Retrieved fromhttp//www.rogers.com/cms/investor_relations/pdfs/2009_Annual-Report.pdfBringing Your World Together. ROGERS COMMUNICATIONS INC. 2008 ANNUAL REPORT. Rogers. Retrieved fromhttp//www.rogers.com/cms/investor_relations/annual_html/2008/html/HTML2/default.htmThe Americas science Wire. (Sep 22,2010). Rogers Communications Prices $900 Million Senior Notes Offering. Ryerson. Retrieved fromhttp//galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.lib.ryerson.ca/servlet/BCRC?rsic=PKrcp=COvrsn=unknownlocID=rpu_mainsr chtp=cmpcc=1c=136mode=cste=72tbst=tsCMtab=2ccmp=Rogers+Communications+Inc.tcp=rogersn=25docNum=A237731531bConts=13119

Teens and Sex - Sex and Disease :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Sex and Disease Since the beginning of the semester weve been working in groups in order to complete a mid(prenominal) term report, based on our picked topic. Im part of the group Sex in the New Millennium. We as a group focused our attention on triple main categories, sexuality, and sexual preferences, Pregnancies and abortions, and finally sexually transmitted diseases. Sex is the key ingredient that most companies and advertising agencies argon using to sell their products. And as a result we the viewers (being what ever age we may be) are the true victims. You turn on the television and the first thing you see is someone or something being sexually exploited. Daytime TV and talk shows are long time abusers of this. As a result more and more people are practicing sex all over the country and the world. And coeincidentliy the ages of these participants are getting younger and younger. STDs are the at a all time high. What are STDs ? STDs are sexually transmitted diseases, fo rmerly called venereal diseases (VD), which are transmitted by direct sexual contact. Some are considered among the most serious diseases of the world . Any soulfulness who is sexually active or is thinking about having sexual activity should be familiar with the symptoms, prevention , and treatment of these diseases. Most forms of STDs may be treated and cured in the early stages, but putting off treatment can be dangerous. The germs that cause sexually transmitted diseases can survive merely for a few seconds in the air, so the diseases are transmitted only by direct body contact. Like most other diseases we do not know where or when sexually transmitted diseases started. To add to the list of STDs there is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) which may lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In North and South the States combined, there are estimates that up to 2 million people are currently infected with the HIV virus. The World Health Organization estimates that 8-10 million adults and 1 million children worldwide are infected with the AIDS virus. By the year 2000, 40 million people may be infected with the virus . more than than 90% of these persons will likely reside in the developing countries. Based on 1989 data, AIDS is the number four cause of death in males ages 15-54.

Sojourner Truth :: Free Essay Writer

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth was born a slave named Isabella Baumfree sometime in 1797 in Ulster county, New York. The exact date of her family is to this day unknown, but it is believed to have been sometime during the fall. She developed her characteristics of courage and dependability from her mother, Mau Mau Bett, at an early age. Isabella was first owned by a Dutch named Charles, who was happened to be a decent slave owner. At his death, she was separated from her mother and auctioned to another set of plantation owners, the Neelys. Isabella was highly mistreated here as they took their dislike of the Dutch community out on Isabella, who spoke hardly a word of English. She was bought and sold three times in spite of appearance the undermentioned twenty-four months, the final purchaser being a man named John Dumont for the incredibly low bargaining price of three hundred dollars. Dumont needed more slaves for his New York plantation. He continuously bragged that Isabella w as the hardest working slave on the plantation. Seeing this, he forced her to marry a fellow slave known as Tom. Isabella gave birth to five children within the next five years. Two years before the emancipation act of 1828, in which all slaves within New York were freed, Dumont promised Isabella that if she were to work extra hard the next year, he would set her free a year early. She did just that she was the even harder working already hardest working slave on the plantation. In her speeches, she spoke of the aliment conditions many slaves were forced to endure, crowded together into cabins with no privacy, overworked, fed scraps in many cases, and clothed raggedy scraps. Her audiences must have felt the shame as Truth recalled the auction block, upon which men and women alike were frequently forced to strip and stand before potential vendees, who would search their bodies for marks of the whip or of carpus or leg irons, the presence of which would indicate the slave had been frequently punished. The slaves would be forced to endure impersonal and degrading inspections of their teeth, muscles, and other body parts, depending on what the buyer was looking for in the purchase. When the time came, though, Dumont broke his promise. Isabella, realizing she had been tricked, escaped with her infant child in her arms in October of 1827 to the refuge of a Quaker family.